A Viterbi decoder and its hardware Trojan models: an FPGA-based implementation study

• Published in: PeerJ. Computer science Vol. 6; p. e250
• Main Authors: Kakkara, Varsha, Balasubramanian, Karthi, Yamuna, B, Mishra, Deepak, Lingasubramanian, Karthikeyan, Murugan, Senthil
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States PeerJ. Ltd 02.03.2020; PeerJ, Inc; PeerJ Inc
• Subjects: Algorithms; Bit error rate; Circuit design; Coded communication system; Communications systems; Computer Architecture; Convolutional codes; Data transmission; Design; Digital transmission; Field programmable gate arrays; Hardware; Hardware Trojan; Integrated circuits; Internet of Things; Mobile and Ubiquitous Computing; Nature; Noise levels; Power (Philosophy); Programmable logic arrays; Security and Privacy; Viterbi decoder; Viterbi decoders; Coded communication system; Bit error rate; Hardware Trojan; Viterbi decoder
• ISSN: 2376-5992; 2376-5992
• DOI: 10.7717/peerj-cs.250

Integrated circuits may be vulnerable to hardware Trojan attacks during its design or fabrication phases. This article is a case study of the design of a Viterbi decoder and the effect of hardware Trojans on a coded communication system employing the Viterbi decoder. Design of a Viterbi decoder and possible hardware Trojan models for the same are proposed. An FPGA-based implementation of the decoder and the associated Trojan circuits have been discussed. The noise-added encoded input data stream is stored in the block RAM of the FPGA and the decoded data stream is monitored on the PC through an universal asynchronous receiver transmitter interface. The implementation results show that there is barely any change in the LUTs used (0.5%) and power dissipation (3%) due to the insertion of the proposed Trojan circuits, thus establishing the surreptitious nature of the Trojan. In spite of the fact that the Trojans cause negligible changes in the circuit parameters, there are significant changes in the bit error rate (BER) due to the presence of Trojans. In the absence of Trojans, BER drops down to zero for signal to noise rations (SNRs) higher than 6 dB, but with the presence of Trojans, BER doesn't reduce to zero even at a very high SNRs. This is true even with the Trojan being activated only once during the entire duration of the transmission.