Detection of Torquetenovirus and Redondovirus DNA in Saliva Samples from SARS-CoV-2-Positive and -Negative Subjects

• Published in: Viruses Vol. 14; no. 11; p. 2482
• Main Authors: Spezia, Pietro Giorgio, Baj, Andreina, Drago Ferrante, Francesca, Boutahar, Sara, Azzi, Lorenzo, Genoni, Angelo, Dalla Gasperina, Daniela, Novazzi, Federica, Dentali, Francesco, Focosi, Daniele, Maggi, Fabrizio
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 09.11.2022; MDPI
• Subjects: Brief Report; COVID-19 - epidemiology; DNA Virus Infections; DNA viruses; DNA, Viral - analysis; Epidemiology; Genes; Genomes; Health aspects; Humans; Laboratories; Maximum likelihood method; Metagenomics; Methods; Phylogenetics; Redondovirus; ReDoV; Reproducibility; Saliva; Salivary diagnostics; SARS-CoV-2; SARS-CoV-2 - genetics; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; Statistical analysis; Torque Teno Virus; Torque teno virus - genetics; TTV; Viral Load; Viremia; Viruses; Italy; United States > US; saliva; Torque Teno Virus; SARS-CoV-2; ReDoV; Redondovirus; TTV
• ISSN: 1999-4915; 1999-4915
• DOI: 10.3390/v14112482

Torquetenovirus (TTV) and Redondovirus (ReDoV) are the most prevalent viruses found in the human respiratory virome in viral metagenomics studies. A large-scale epidemiological study was performed to investigate their prevalence and loads in saliva samples according to SARS-CoV-2 status. Saliva samples from 448 individuals (73% SARS-CoV-2 negative and 27% SARS-CoV-2 positive) aged 23-88 years were tested. SARS-CoV-2 and TTV were determined in saliva by specific qualitative and quantitative real-time PCRs, respectively. A sub-cohort of 377 subjects was additionally tested for the presence and load of ReDoV in saliva, and a different sub-cohort of 120 subjects for which paired saliva and plasma samples were available was tested for TTV and ReDoV viremia at the same timepoints as saliva. TTV in saliva was 72% prevalent in the entire cohort, at a mean DNA load of 4.6 log copies/mL, with no difference regardless of SARS-CoV-2 status. ReDoV was found in saliva from 61% of the entire cohort and was more prevalent in the SARS-CoV-2-negative subgroup (65% vs. 52%, respectively). In saliva, the total mean load of ReDoV was very similar to the one of TTV, with a value of 4.4 log copies/mL. The mean viral loads in subjects infected with a single virus, namely, those infected with TTV or ReDoV alone, was lower than in dually infected samples, and Tukey's multiple-comparison test showed that ReDoV single-infected samples resulted in the only true outlier ( = 0.004). Differently from TTV, ReDoV was not detected in any blood samples. This study establishes the prevalence and mean value of TTV and ReDoV in saliva samples and demonstrates the existence of differences between these two components of the human virome.