Role of Inflammatory Cytokines in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Development of Atherosclerosis: A Review

Uncontrolled chronic inflammation results in cardiovascular disease and early death. In this review, we studied the impact of rheumatoid arthritis on the cardiovascular system, including the early and accelerated development of atherosclerosis and its clinical manifestations, focusing on the inflamm...

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Published inMedicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) Vol. 59; no. 9; p. 1550
Main Authors Bedeković, Dražen, Bošnjak, Ivica, Šarić, Sandra, Kirner, Damir, Novak, Srđan
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Basel MDPI AG 26.08.2023
MDPI
Subjects
Antiarthritic agents
Antibodies
Arthritis
Atherosclerosis
Blood clot
cardiovascular mortality
cardiovascular risk
Cartilage
Case reports
chronic inflammation mechanisms
Cytokines
Development and progression
Diabetes
Health risk assessment
Hypertension
Inflammation
Insulin resistance
Keywords
Medical research
medications used in rheumatoid arthritis
Medicine, Experimental
Metabolic disorders
Monoclonal antibodies
Mortality
Proteins
Review
Rheumatoid arthritis
Rheumatoid factor
Risk factors
Smoking
Thrombosis
Tumor necrosis factor-TNF
Weight control
Croatia
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Summary:Uncontrolled chronic inflammation results in cardiovascular disease and early death. In this review, we studied the impact of rheumatoid arthritis on the cardiovascular system, including the early and accelerated development of atherosclerosis and its clinical manifestations, focusing on the inflammatory mechanisms leading to arterial wall damage, rapid atherosclerotic plaque formation, and thrombosis. Furthermore, the effect of medications used to treat rheumatoid arthritis on the cardiovascular system was studied. The effect of chronic inflammation and medication on traditional cardiovascular risk factors is not the main subject of this review. We observed that uncontrolled chronic inflammation and some medications directly impact all the stages of atherosclerosis. In conclusion, reducing inflammation and maintaining long-term remission in rheumatoid arthritis may prevent early atherosclerosis. We believe that this review will encourage a better interdisciplinary approach to the management of these patients and further research in this field.
Bibliography:ObjectType-Article-2
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ObjectType-Review-1
ISSN:1648-9144
1010-660X
1648-9144
DOI:10.3390/medicina59091550