Nanoparticle approaches for the renin-angiotensin system

The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is a hormonal cascade that contributes to several disorders: systemic hypertension, heart failure, kidney disease, and neurodegenerative disease. Activation of the RAS can promote inflammation and fibrosis. Drugs that target the RAS can be classified into 3 categor...

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Bibliographic Details
Published inHeliyon Vol. 9; no. 6; p. e16951
Main Authors Hettiarachchi, Sajini D., Kwon, Young M., Omidi, Yadollah, Speth, Robert C.
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published England Elsevier Ltd 01.06.2023
Elsevier
Subjects
Cardiovascular disease
COVID-19
Drug delivery
Hypertension
Nanoparticles
Renin-angiotensin system
Review
Nanoparticles
Hypertension
COVID-19
Cardiovascular disease
Drug delivery
Renin-angiotensin system
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Summary:The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is a hormonal cascade that contributes to several disorders: systemic hypertension, heart failure, kidney disease, and neurodegenerative disease. Activation of the RAS can promote inflammation and fibrosis. Drugs that target the RAS can be classified into 3 categories, AT1 angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, and renin inhibitors. The therapeutic efficacy of current RAS-inhibiting drugs is limited by poor penetration across the blood-brain barrier, low bioavailability, and to some extent, short half-lives. Nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery systems (DDSs) are possible emerging alternatives to overcome such limitations. Nanoparticles are ideally 1–100 nm in size and are considered efficient DDSs mainly due to their unique characteristics, including water dispersity, prolonged half-life in blood circulation, smaller size, and biocompatibility. Nano-scale DDSs can reduce the drug dosage frequency and acute toxicity of drugs while enhancing therapeutic success. Different types of nanoparticles, such as chitosan, polymeric, and nanofibers, have been examined in RAS-related studies, especially in hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and COVID-19. In this review article, we summarize the physical and chemical characteristics of each nanoparticle to elaborate on their potential use in RAS-related nano-drug delivery research and clinical application. [Display omitted]
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ISSN:2405-8440
2405-8440
DOI:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16951