Risk for recurrent coronary heart disease and all-cause mortality among individuals with chronic kidney disease compared with diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, and cigarette smokers

• Published in: The American heart journal Vol. 166; no. 2; pp. 373 - 380.e2
• Main Authors: Baber, Usman, MD, MS, Gutierrez, Orlando M., MD, Levitan, Emily B., PhD, Warnock, David G., MD, Farkouh, Michael E., MD, Tonelli, Marcello, MD, Safford, Monika M., MD, Muntner, Paul, PhD
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Mosby, Inc 01.08.2013; Elsevier Limited
• Subjects: Aged; Cardiovascular; Cardiovascular disease; Cholesterol; Coronary Artery Disease - etiology; Diabetes Mellitus; Drug therapy; Female; Heart attacks; Humans; Incidence; Male; Metabolic syndrome; Metabolic Syndrome - complications; Middle Aged; Mortality; Older people; Recurrence; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic - complications; Risk Factors; Smoking - adverse effects; United States > US
• ISSN: 0002-8703; 1097-6744
• DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2013.05.008

Background Lipid-lowering guidelines endorse a low-density lipoprotein cholesterol goal of <100 mg/dL for people with coronary heart disease (CHD). A more stringent threshold of <70 mg/dL is recommended for those with CHD and “very high-risk” conditions such as diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, or cigarette smoking. Whether chronic kidney disease (CKD) confers a similar risk for recurrent CHD events is unknown. Methods and Results We evaluated the risk for recurrent CHD events and all-cause mortality among 3,938 participants ≥45 years with CHD in the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study. Chronic kidney disease was defined by estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min per 1.73 m2 or urinary albumin to creatinine ratio ≥30 mg/g. Participants were categorized by the presence or absence of CKD and any very high-risk condition. Over a median of 4.1 years, the crude incidence (95% CI) of recurrent CHD events were 12.1 (9.0-15.2), 18.9 (15.5-22.3), 35.0 (25.4-44.6), and 34.2 (28.2-40.3) among those without CKD or high-risk conditions; very high-risk conditions alone; and CKD alone and both CKD and very high-risk conditions. After multivariable adjustment, compared with those without CKD or very high-risk conditions, the hazard ratio (95% CI) for recurrent CHD events was 1.45 (1.02-2.05), 2.24 (1.50-3.34), and 2.10 (1.47-2.98) among those with very high-risk conditions alone, CKD alone, and both CKD and very high-risk conditions, respectively. Results were consistent for all-cause mortality. Conclusions Chronic kidney disease is associated with risk for recurrent CHD events that approximates or is larger than other established very high-risk conditions.