Ecological impacts of ballast water loading and discharge: insight into the toxicity and accumulation of disinfection by-products

Since the implementation of the International Maritime Organization 2004 regulation, most ships have been equipped with on-dock ballast water treatment. While this method is effective in solving the invasive alien species problem, concerns are raised due to the potential release of disinfection by-p...

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Published inHeliyon Vol. 8; no. 3; p. e09107
Main Authors Kurniawan, Setyo Budi, Pambudi, Dwi Sasmita Aji, Ahmad, Mahasin Maulana, Alfanda, Benedicta Dian, Imron, Muhammad Fauzul, Abdullah, Siti Rozaimah Sheikh
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published England Elsevier Ltd 01.03.2022
Elsevier
Subjects
Cargo
Environmental pollution
Marine pollution
Review
Ship
Toxin
Transportation
Cargo
Toxin
Ship
Environmental pollution
Marine pollution
Transportation
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Summary:Since the implementation of the International Maritime Organization 2004 regulation, most ships have been equipped with on-dock ballast water treatment. While this method is effective in solving the invasive alien species problem, concerns are raised due to the potential release of disinfection by-products (DBPs) as the result of the chemical treatment. This review paper aims to summarize the history of ballast water management (BWM) and the currently used on-dock technology. Chlorination, oxidation, and ozonation are highlighted as the most currently applied methods to treat ballast water on-dock. This paper then focuses on the potential release of toxic DBPs as the result of the selected corresponding treatment methods. Tri-halo methane, haloacetic acid, and several acetic acid-related compounds are emphasized as toxic DBPs with concentrations reaching more than 10 μg/L. The potential toxicities of DBPs, including acute toxicity, carcinogenicity, genotoxicity, and mutagenicity, to aquatic organisms, are then discussed in detail. Future research directions related to the advanced treatment of DBPs before final discharge and analysis of DBPs in coastal sediments, which are barely studied at present, are suggested to enhance the current knowledge on the fate and the ecological impact of BWM. Cargo; Environmental pollution; Marine pollution; Ship; Toxin; Transportation.
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ISSN:2405-8440
2405-8440
DOI:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09107