The Locus Coeruleus- Norepinephrine System in Stress and Arousal: Unraveling Historical, Current, and Future Perspectives

Arousal may be understood on a spectrum, with excessive sleepiness, cognitive dysfunction, and inattention on one side, a wakeful state in the middle, and hypervigilance, panic, and psychosis on the other side. However, historically, the concepts of arousal and stress have been challenging to define...

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Published inFrontiers in psychiatry Vol. 11; p. 601519
Main Authors Ross, Jennifer A., Van Bockstaele, Elisabeth J.
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Switzerland Frontiers Media S.A 27.01.2021
Subjects
arousal
electroencephalography
locus coeruleus
norepinephrine
Psychiatry
transmission electron microscopy
norepinephrine
electroencephalography
transmission electron microscopy
locus coeruleus
arousal
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Summary:Arousal may be understood on a spectrum, with excessive sleepiness, cognitive dysfunction, and inattention on one side, a wakeful state in the middle, and hypervigilance, panic, and psychosis on the other side. However, historically, the concepts of arousal and stress have been challenging to define as measurable experimental variables. Divergent efforts to study these subjects have given rise to several disciplines, including neurobiology, neuroendocrinology, and cognitive neuroscience. We discuss technological advancements that chronologically led to our current understanding of the arousal system, focusing on the multifaceted nucleus locus coeruleus. We share our contemporary perspective and the hypotheses of others in the context of our current technological capabilities and future developments that will be required to move forward in this area of research.
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Reviewed by: Shahzad S. Khan, Stanford University, United States; Leszek Kubin, University of Pennsylvania, United States
This article was submitted to Psychopathology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Psychiatry
Edited by: Fushun Wang, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, China
ISSN:1664-0640
1664-0640
DOI:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.601519