Zolpidem and the risk of Parkinson's disease: A nationwide population-based study

• Published in: Journal of psychiatric research Vol. 58; pp. 84 - 88
• Main Authors: Yang, Yu-Wan, Hsieh, Teng-Fu, Yu, Chia-Hui, Huang, Yung-Sung, Lee, Ching-Chih, Tsai, Tsung-Huang
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Kidlington Elsevier Ltd 01.11.2014; Elsevier
• Subjects: Adult; Adult and adolescent clinical studies; Analysis of Variance; Biological and medical sciences; Cohort Studies; Community Health Planning; Degenerative and inherited degenerative diseases of the nervous system. Leukodystrophies. Prion diseases; Disorders of higher nervous function. Focal brain diseases. Central vestibular syndrome and deafness. Brain stem syndromes; Female; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives - adverse effects; Insomnia; Male; Medical sciences; Middle Aged; National Health Programs - statistics & numerical data; Nervous system (semeiology, syndromes); Nervous system as a whole; Neurology; Organic mental disorders. Neuropsychology; Parkinson Disease - epidemiology; Parkinson Disease - etiology; Parkinson's disease; Proportional Hazards Models; Psychiatry; Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry; Psychopathology. Psychiatry; Pyridines - adverse effects; Risk; Risk Factors; Sleep disturbance; Sleep Wake Disorders - drug therapy; Sleep Wake Disorders - epidemiology; Taiwan; Zolpidem; Taiwan; Sleep disturbance; Zolpidem; Risk; Parkinson's disease; Insomnia; Agonist; Nervous system diseases; Psychotropic; Gabaergic agonist; Parkinson disease; Sleep disorder; Hypnotic; Benzodiazepine receptor; Cerebral disorder; Imidazopyridine derivatives; Population-based survey; Central nervous system disease; Risk factor; Degenerative disease; Sedative; Neurological disorder; Gabaergic receptor A; Public health; Extrapyramidal syndrome
• ISSN: 0022-3956; 1879-1379
• DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.07.003

Abstract Background This nationwide population-based study investigated the risk of Parkinson's disease (PD) after zolpidem use in patients with sleep disturbance using the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) in Taiwan. Material and methods In total, 59,548 adult patients newly diagnosed with sleep disturbance and who used zolpidem were recruited as the study cohort, along with 42,171 subjects who did not use zolpidem as a comparison cohort from 2002 to 2009. Each patient was monitored for 5 years, and those who subsequently had PD were identified. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to compare the risk of PD between the study and comparison cohorts after adjusting for possible confounding risk factors. Results The patients who received zolpidem had a higher cumulative rate of PD than those who did not receive zolpidem during the 5-year follow-up period (1.2% vs. 0.5%, P  < 0.001). The adjusted hazard ratios were 1.10 (95% CI, 0.88–1.37), 1.41 (95% CI, 1.17–1.72), and 1.27 (95% CI, 1.05–1.55) for zolpidem use with 28–90, 91–365, and more than 365 cumulative defined daily doses (cDDDs), respectively, compared to those who did not use zolpidem. Conclusions Among the patients with sleep disturbance, zolpidem use increased the risk of PD after 5 years of follow-up. Further mechanistic research of zolpidem effect in PD is needed.