Missing Data in Prediction Research: A Five-Step Approach for Multiple Imputation, Illustrated in the CENTER-TBI Study

• Published in: Journal of neurotrauma Vol. 38; no. 13; p. 1842
• Main Authors: Gravesteijn, Benjamin Yaël, Sewalt, Charlie Aletta, Venema, Esmee, Nieboer, Daan, Steyerberg, Ewout W
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States 01.06.2021
• Subjects: Biomedical Research - methods; Biomedical Research - statistics & numerical data; Brain Injuries, Traumatic - diagnosis; Brain Injuries, Traumatic - epidemiology; Cohort Studies; Data Interpretation, Statistical; Databases, Factual - statistics & numerical data; Europe - epidemiology; Humans; Prognosis; Prospective Studies; Europe; prediction; traumatic brain injury; tutorial; imputation; missing data
• ISSN: 1557-9042
• DOI: 10.1089/neu.2020.7218

In medical research, missing data is common. In acute diseases, such as traumatic brain injury (TBI), even well-conducted prospective studies may suffer from missing data in baseline characteristics and outcomes. Statistical models may simply drop patients with any missing values, potentially leaving a selected subset of the original cohort. Imputation is widely accepted by methodologists as an appropriate way to deal with missing data. We aim to provide practical guidance on handling missing data for prediction modeling. We hereto propose a five-step approach, centered around single and multiple imputation: 1) explore the missing data patterns; 2) choose a method of imputation; 3) perform imputation; 4) assess diagnostics of the imputation; and 5) analyze the imputed data sets. We illustrate these five steps with the estimation and validation of the IMPACT (International Mission on Prognosis and Analysis of Clinical Trials in Traumatic Brain Injury) prognostic model in 1375 patients from the CENTER-TBI database, included in 53 centers across 17 countries, with moderate or severe TBI in the prospective European CENTER-TBI study. Future prediction modeling studies in acute diseases may benefit from following the suggested five steps for optimal statistical analysis and interpretation, after maximal effort has been made to minimize missing data.