Gorillas with white sclera: A naturally occurring variation in a morphological trait linked to social cognitive functions
Human eye morphology is considered unique among the primates in that humans possess larger width/height ratios (WHR), expose a greater amount of visible sclera (SSI; width of exposed eyeball/width of visible iris), and critically, have a white sclera due to a lack of pigmentation. White sclera in hu...
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Published in | American journal of primatology Vol. 77; no. 8; pp. 869 - 877 |
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Main Authors | , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
Published |
United States
Blackwell Publishing Ltd
01.08.2015
Wiley Subscription Services, Inc |
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Abstract | Human eye morphology is considered unique among the primates in that humans possess larger width/height ratios (WHR), expose a greater amount of visible sclera (SSI; width of exposed eyeball/width of visible iris), and critically, have a white sclera due to a lack of pigmentation. White sclera in humans amplifies gaze direction, whereas the all‐dark eyes of apes are hypothesized to conceal gaze from others. This study examines WHR and SSI in humans (N = 13) and gorillas (N = 85) engaged in direct and averted gazes and introduces a qualitative assessment of sclera color to evaluate variations in sclera pigmentation. The results confirm previous findings that humans possess a larger WHR than gorillas but indicate that humans and gorillas display similar amounts of visible sclera. Additionally, 72% (N = 124) of gorilla eyes in this sample deviated from the assumed all‐dark eye condition. This questions whether gaze camouflage is the primary function of darkened sclera in non‐human primates or whether other functional roles can be ascribed to the sclera, light or dark. We argue that white sclera evolved to amplify direct gazes in humans, which would have played a significant role in the development of ostensive communication, which is communication that both shows something and shows the intention to show something. We conclude that the horizontal elongation of the human eye, rather than sclera color, more reliably distinguishes human from great ape eyes, represented here by gorillas. Am. J. Primatol. 77:869–877, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. |
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AbstractList | Human eye morphology is considered unique among the primates in that humans possess larger width/height ratios (WHR), expose a greater amount of visible sclera (SSI; width of exposed eyeball/width of visible iris), and critically, have a white sclera due to a lack of pigmentation. White sclera in humans amplifies gaze direction, whereas the all-dark eyes of apes are hypothesized to conceal gaze from others. This study examines WHR and SSI in humans (N = 13) and gorillas (N = 85) engaged in direct and averted gazes and introduces a qualitative assessment of sclera color to evaluate variations in sclera pigmentation. The results confirm previous findings that humans possess a larger WHR than gorillas but indicate that humans and gorillas display similar amounts of visible sclera. Additionally, 72% (N = 124) of gorilla eyes in this sample deviated from the assumed all-dark eye condition. This questions whether gaze camouflage is the primary function of darkened sclera in non-human primates or whether other functional roles can be ascribed to the sclera, light or dark. We argue that white sclera evolved to amplify direct gazes in humans, which would have played a significant role in the development of ostensive communication, which is communication that both shows something and shows the intention to show something. We conclude that the horizontal elongation of the human eye, rather than sclera color, more reliably distinguishes human from great ape eyes, represented here by gorillas. Human eye morphology is considered unique among the primates in that humans possess larger width/height ratios (WHR), expose a greater amount of visible sclera (SSI; width of exposed eyeball/width of visible iris), and critically, have a white sclera due to a lack of pigmentation. White sclera in humans amplifies gaze direction, whereas the all-dark eyes of apes are hypothesized to conceal gaze from others. This study examines WHR and SSI in humans (N=13) and gorillas (N=85) engaged in direct and averted gazes and introduces a qualitative assessment of sclera color to evaluate variations in sclera pigmentation. The results confirm previous findings that humans possess a larger WHR than gorillas but indicate that humans and gorillas display similar amounts of visible sclera. Additionally, 72% (N=124) of gorilla eyes in this sample deviated from the assumed all‐ ;dark eye condition. This questions whether gaze camouflage is the primary function of darkened sclera in non-human primates or whether other functional roles can be ascribed to the sclera, light or dark. We argue that white sclera evolved to amplify direct gazes in humans, which would have played a significant role in the development of ostensive communication, which is communication that both shows something and shows the intention to show something. We conclude that the horizontal elongation of the human eye, rather than sclera color, more reliably distinguishes human from great ape eyes, represented here by gorillas. Am. J. Primatol. 77:869– ;877, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Copyright John Wiley & Sons. Reproduced with permission. An electronic version of this article is available online at http://www.interscience.wiley.com Human eye morphology is considered unique among the primates in that humans possess larger width/height ratios (WHR), expose a greater amount of visible sclera (SSI; width of exposed eyeball/width of visible iris), and critically, have a white sclera due to a lack of pigmentation. White sclera in humans amplifies gaze direction, whereas the all‐dark eyes of apes are hypothesized to conceal gaze from others. This study examines WHR and SSI in humans (N = 13) and gorillas (N = 85) engaged in direct and averted gazes and introduces a qualitative assessment of sclera color to evaluate variations in sclera pigmentation. The results confirm previous findings that humans possess a larger WHR than gorillas but indicate that humans and gorillas display similar amounts of visible sclera. Additionally, 72% (N = 124) of gorilla eyes in this sample deviated from the assumed all‐dark eye condition. This questions whether gaze camouflage is the primary function of darkened sclera in non‐human primates or whether other functional roles can be ascribed to the sclera, light or dark. We argue that white sclera evolved to amplify direct gazes in humans, which would have played a significant role in the development of ostensive communication, which is communication that both shows something and shows the intention to show something. We conclude that the horizontal elongation of the human eye, rather than sclera color, more reliably distinguishes human from great ape eyes, represented here by gorillas. Am. J. Primatol. 77:869–877, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Human eye morphology is considered unique among the primates in that humans possess larger width/height ratios (WHR), expose a greater amount of visible sclera (SSI; width of exposed eyeball/width of visible iris), and critically, have a white sclera due to a lack of pigmentation. White sclera in humans amplifies gaze direction, whereas the all‐dark eyes of apes are hypothesized to conceal gaze from others. This study examines WHR and SSI in humans ( N = 13) and gorillas ( N = 85) engaged in direct and averted gazes and introduces a qualitative assessment of sclera color to evaluate variations in sclera pigmentation. The results confirm previous findings that humans possess a larger WHR than gorillas but indicate that humans and gorillas display similar amounts of visible sclera. Additionally, 72% ( N = 124) of gorilla eyes in this sample deviated from the assumed all‐dark eye condition. This questions whether gaze camouflage is the primary function of darkened sclera in non‐human primates or whether other functional roles can be ascribed to the sclera, light or dark. We argue that white sclera evolved to amplify direct gazes in humans, which would have played a significant role in the development of ostensive communication, which is communication that both shows something and shows the intention to show something. We conclude that the horizontal elongation of the human eye, rather than sclera color, more reliably distinguishes human from great ape eyes, represented here by gorillas. Am. J. Primatol. 77:869–877, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. |
Author | Gómez, Juan-Carlos Mayhew, Jessica A. |
Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Jessica A. surname: Mayhew fullname: Mayhew, Jessica A. organization: Centre for Social Learning and Cognitive Evolution and the Scottish Primate Research Group, School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, Scotland, United Kingdom – sequence: 2 givenname: Juan-Carlos surname: Gómez fullname: Gómez, Juan-Carlos email: Correspondence to: Juan-Carlos Gómez, Centre for Social Learning and Cognitive Evolution and the Scottish Primate Research Group, School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 9JP, Scotland, United Kingdom. , jg5@st-andrews.ac.uk organization: Centre for Social Learning and Cognitive Evolution and the Scottish Primate Research Group, School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St. Andrews, Fife, Scotland, St. Andrews, United Kingdom |
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Snippet | Human eye morphology is considered unique among the primates in that humans possess larger width/height ratios (WHR), expose a greater amount of visible sclera... |
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SubjectTerms | Animals Color Communication Eye - anatomy & histology eye morphology Eye Movements gaze camouflaging gaze following Gorilla gorilla - anatomy & histology Gorillas Human biology Humans Morphology Pigmentation Primates Primatology Sclera - anatomy & histology Social Behavior white sclera |
Title | Gorillas with white sclera: A naturally occurring variation in a morphological trait linked to social cognitive functions |
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