Mesenchymal Stem/Progenitor Cell Isolation from Tooth Extraction Sockets

• Published in: Journal of dental research Vol. 93; no. 11; pp. 1133 - 1140
• Main Authors: Nakajima, R., Ono, M., Hara, E.S., Oida, Y., Shinkawa, S., Pham, H.T., Akiyama, K., Sonoyama, W., Maekawa, K., Kuboki, T.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Los Angeles, CA SAGE Publications 01.11.2014; SAGE PUBLICATIONS, INC
• Subjects: Adipogenesis - physiology; Alveolar bone; Alveolar Bone Loss - therapy; Animals; Antigens, CD - analysis; Bone growth; Bone marrow; Bone Marrow Cells - cytology; Calcification, Physiologic - physiology; CD34 antigen; CD44 antigen; CD45 antigen; CD90 antigen; Cell Differentiation - physiology; Cell migration; Cell Movement - physiology; Cell Proliferation; Cell Separation; Cementogenesis - physiology; Cementum; Chondrogenesis - physiology; Colonies; Dentistry; Dogs; Experiments; Female; Flow cytometry; Granulation Tissue - cytology; Hyaluronan Receptors - analysis; Iliac crest; Medical research; Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation - methods; Mesenchymal stem cells; Mesenchymal Stromal Cells - cytology; Mesenchymal Stromal Cells - physiology; Mesenchyme; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Nude; Mice, SCID; Ossification (ectopic); Osteogenesis; Osteogenesis - physiology; Osteoprogenitor cells; Periodontal ligament; Periodontal Ligament - physiology; Phenotype; Phenotypes; Population; Progenitor cells; Regeneration; Research Reports; Stem cells; Teeth; Thy-1 Antigens - analysis; Tooth Extraction; Tooth Socket - cytology; Tumor necrosis factor-TNF; Wound healing; United States > US; Japan; stem cells; wound healing; bone marrow–derived stem cells; granulation tissue; dental socket; dental tissue–derived mesenchymal stem cells
• ISSN: 0022-0345; 1544-0591
• DOI: 10.1177/0022034514549377

Bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells (BMSCs) are commonly used in regeneration therapy. The current primary source of BMSCs is the iliac crest; however, the procedure is associated with various burdens on the patient, including the risk of pain and infection. Hence, the possibility to collect BMSCs from other, more accessible, sources would be an attractive approach. It is well known that stem cells migrate from surrounding tissues and play important roles in wound healing. We thus hypothesized that stem/progenitor cells could be isolated from granulation tissue in the dental socket, and we subsequently collected granulation tissue from dog dental socket 3 d after tooth extraction. After enzyme digestion of the collected tissue, the cells forming colonies constituted the dental socket–derived stem/progenitor cells (dDSCs). Next, dDSCs were compared with dog BMSCs (dBMSCs) for phenotype characterization. A flow cytometric analysis showed that dDSCs were positive for CD44, CD90, and CD271 but negative for CD34 and CD45, similar to dBMSCs. dDSCs also exhibited osteogenic, adipogenic, and chondrogenic differentiation ability, similar to dBMSCs, with a higher capacity for colony formation, proliferation, and motility than dBMSCs. In addition, an in vivo ectopic bone formation assay showed that dDSCs and dBMSCs both induced hard tissue formation, although only dDSCs formed a fibrous tissue-like structure connected to the newly formed bone. Finally, we tested the ability of dDSCs to regenerate periodontal tissue in a one-wall defect model. The defects in the dDSC-transplanted group (β-TCP/PGA/dDSCs) were regenerated with cementum-like and periodontal ligament-like tissues and alveolar bone, whereas only bony tissue was observed in the control group (β-TCP/PGA). In conclusion, we identified and characterized a population of stem/progenitor cells in granulation tissue obtained from the dental socket that exhibited several characteristics similar to those of BMSCs. Dental sockets could therefore be a novel source for isolating stem/progenitor cells from bone.