Carbonaceous and nitrogenous disinfection by-product formation from algal organic matter

• Published in: Chemosphere (Oxford) Vol. 170; pp. 1 - 9
• Main Authors: Goslan, Emma H., Seigle, Céline, Purcell, Diane, Henderson, Rita, Parsons, Simon A., Jefferson, Bruce, Judd, Simon J.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England Elsevier Ltd 01.03.2017
• Subjects: Algae; Bacillariophyceae; Carbon - analysis; Carbon - chemistry; Characterisation; Chlorine - chemistry; Cyanobacteria; Diatoms - metabolism; Disinfectants - chemistry; Disinfection - methods; Drinking Water - chemistry; Haloacetic acids; Haloacetonitriles; Halogenation; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; Microcystis - metabolism; Nitrogen - analysis; Nitrogen - chemistry; Scenedesmus - metabolism; Temperature; Trihalomethanes; Trihalomethanes - analysis; Water Microbiology; Water Pollutants, Chemical - analysis; Water Purification - methods; Haloacetic acids; Haloacetonitriles; Characterisation; Trihalomethanes; Algae
• ISSN: 0045-6535; 1879-1298
• DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.11.148

Seasonal algal blooms in drinking water sources release intracellular and extracellular algal organic matter (AOM) in significant concentrations into the water. This organic matter provides precursors for disinfection by-products (DBPs) formed when the water is subsequently chlorinated at the final disinfection stage of the potable water treatment process. This paper presents results of AOM characterisation from five algal species (three cyanobacteria, one diatom and one green) alongside the measurement of the DBP formation potential from the AOM of six algal species (an additional diatom). The character was explored in terms of hydrophilicity, charge and protein and carbohydrate content. 18 DBPs were measured following chlorination of the AOM samples: the four trihalomethanes (THMs), nine haloacetic acids (HAAs), four haloacetonitriles (HANs) and one halonitromethane (HNM). The AOM was found to be mainly hydrophilic (52 and 81%) in nature. Yields of up to 92.4 μg mg−1 C carbonaceous DBPs were measured, with few consistent trends between DBP formation propensity and either the specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA) or the chemical characteristics. The AOM from diatomaceous algae formed significant amounts of nitrogenous DBPs (up to 1.7 μg mg−1 C). The weak trends in DBPFP may be attributable to the hydrophilic nature of AOM, which also makes it more challenging to remove by conventional water treatment processes. •AOM contains predominantly (52–81%) hydrophilic organic matter.•AOM forms significant amounts of carbonaceous and nitrogenous DBPs.•Cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa-AOM forms more HAN than other algae studied.•Growth phase of algae has greater impact on DBP formation than its taxonomic group.•Correlations between DBPFP and specific AOM chemical attributes are generally weak.