Long-Term Immunity Against Tetanus and Diphtheria after Vaccination of Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation Recipients

• Published in: Transplantation and cellular therapy Vol. 29; no. 4; pp. 275.e1 - 275.e5
• Main Authors: Einarsdottir, Sigrun, Sverrisdottir, Ingigerdur, Vaht, Krista, Bergström, Tomas, Brune, Mats, Andersson, P.-O., Wenneras, Christine, Ljungman, Per
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Elsevier Inc 01.04.2023
• Subjects: Antibodies, Bacterial; Corynebacterium; Diphtheria; Diphtheria - prevention & control; Diphtheria Toxoid; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation; Humans; Long-term survivors; Medicin och hälsovetenskap; Stem cell transplantation; Tetan; Tetanus - prevention & control; Tetanus Toxoid; Vaccination; Stem cell transplantation; Long-term survivors; Diphtheria; Vaccination; Tetan
• ISSN: 2666-6367; 2666-6367
• DOI: 10.1016/j.jtct.2023.01.023

•Forty percent of long-term survivors were seronegative against diphtheria at a median 14 years after allogeneic stem cell transplantation.•Tetanus immunity was better retained; we found no seronegative patients.•Boosters or serologic testing against diphtheria should be considered.•We suggest using vaccine with a full component diphtheria antigen (D). Revaccination against tetanus and diphtheria after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT) is usually effective, but the duration of the immunity is unknown. We conducted this study to evaluate humoral immunity to tetanus and diphtheria in long-term survivors and to provide knowledge regarding the need for boosters. The median time from HCT to blood sampling was 14 years (range, 8 to 40 years). All patients had received at least 3 doses of vaccines against both tetanus and diphtheria, either monovalent or combination vaccines containing a full dose of the diphtheria toxoid component. In addition, 1 or more booster doses were administered to 21 of the 146 patients (14%). On enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, levels <.1 IU/mL for diphtheria and <.01 IU/mL for tetanus were considered low or seronegative. Values between .01 and .5 IU/mL for tetanus and between .1 and 1.0 IU/mL for diphtheria were considered to represent partial protection, and levels >.5 and >1.0 IU/mL were considered high and protective, respectively. In all, 39% of patients were seronegative against diphtheria, 52% had some protection, and 9% had a high titer. In contrast, no patient had become seronegative to tetanus, 32% had “partial protection” against tetanus and 68% had a high titer. In multivariate analysis, active graft-versus-host-disease, sex, or time from sampling did not affect the probability of becoming seronegative or seropositive. Younger age was associated with lower antibody levels to tetanus toxoid, but age was not correlated with antibody levels against diphtheria toxoid. Tetanus immunity was maintained after vaccination in most long-term survivors, but immunity against diphtheria was poor, and boosters should be considered.