Prevalence of CADASIL and Fabry Disease in a Cohort of MRI Defined Younger Onset Lacunar Stroke

• Published in: PloS one Vol. 10; no. 8; p. e0136352
• Main Authors: Kilarski, Laura L., Rutten-Jacobs, Loes C. A., Bevan, Steve, Baker, Rob, Hassan, Ahamad, Hughes, Derralynn A., Markus, Hugh S.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Public Library of Science 25.08.2015; Public Library of Science (PLoS)
• Subjects: Age of Onset; alpha-Galactosidase - genetics; CADASIL - complications; CADASIL - epidemiology; CADASIL - genetics; Cerebral infarction; Cohort Studies; Deoxyribonucleic acid; Disease; DNA; Fabry Disease - complications; Fabry Disease - epidemiology; Fabry Disease - genetics; Fabry's disease; Female; Grants; Hematology; Hospitals; Humans; Infarction; Leukoaraiosis; Leukoencephalopathy; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Medical research; Middle Aged; Missense mutation; Mutation; Mutation - genetics; Neurosciences; Notch3 protein; Patients; Prevalence; Proteins; Receptor, Notch3; Receptors, Notch - genetics; Stroke; Stroke, Lacunar - complications; Stroke, Lacunar - genetics; Studies; United Kingdom - epidemiology; Vascular diseases; United Kingdom > UK
• ISSN: 1932-6203; 1932-6203
• DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136352

Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL), caused by mutations in the NOTCH3 gene, is the most common monogenic disorder causing lacunar stroke and cerebral small vessel disease (SVD). Fabry disease (FD) due to mutations in the GLA gene has been suggested as an underdiagnosed cause of stroke, and one feature is SVD. Previous studies reported varying prevalence of CADASIL and FD in stroke, likely due to varying subtypes studied; no studies have looked at a large cohort of younger onset SVD. We determined the prevalence in a well-defined, MRI-verified cohort of apparently sporadic patients with lacunar infarct. Caucasian patients with lacunar infarction, aged ≤70 years (mean age 56.7 (SD8.6)), were recruited from 72 specialist stroke centres throughout the UK as part of the Young Lacunar Stroke DNA Resource. Patients with a previously confirmed monogenic cause of stroke were excluded. All MRI's and clinical histories were reviewed centrally. Screening was performed for NOTCH3 and GLA mutations. Of 994 subjects five had pathogenic NOTCH3 mutations (R169C, R207C, R587C, C1222G and C323S) all resulting in loss or gain of a cysteine in the NOTCH3 protein. All five patients had confluent leukoaraiosis (Fazekas grade ≥2). CADASIL prevalence overall was 0.5% (95% CI 0.2%-1.1%) and among cases with confluent leukoaraiosis 1.5% (95% CI 0.6%-3.3%). No classic pathogenic FD mutations were found; one patient had a missense mutation (R118C), associated with late-onset FD. CADASIL cases are rare and only detected in SVD patients with confluent leukoaraiosis. No definite FD cases were detected.