Post-exercise cold water immersion does not alter high intensity interval training-induced exercise performance and Hsp72 responses, but enhances mitochondrial markers

• Published in: Cell stress & chaperones Vol. 21; no. 5; pp. 793 - 804
• Main Authors: Aguiar, Paula Fernandes, Magalhães, Sílvia Mourão, Fonseca, Ivana Alice Teixeira, da Costa Santos, Vanessa Batista, de Matos, Mariana Aguiar, Peixoto, Marco Fabrício Dias, Nakamura, Fábio Yuzo, Crandall, Craig, Araújo, Hygor Nunes, Silveira, Leonardo Reis, Rocha-Vieira, Etel, de Castro Magalhães, Flávio, Amorim, Fabiano Trigueiro
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Dordrecht Springer 01.09.2016; Springer Netherlands; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Adaptation, Physiological; Adult; Biochemistry; Biomarkers - metabolism; Biomedical and Life Sciences; Biomedicine; Cancer Research; Cell Biology; Cold Temperature; Cold water; Exercise; Exertion; Heart rate; High-Intensity Interval Training; HSP72 Heat-Shock Proteins - metabolism; Humans; Immunology; Legs; Male; Messenger RNA; Mitochondria, Muscle - metabolism; Mitochondrial Proteins - metabolism; Muscle, Skeletal - metabolism; Muscles; Neurosciences; Original Paper; Physical Conditioning, Human; Skeletal muscle; Training; Water immersion; Young Adult; Cold water immersion; High intensity interval training; Mitochondria biogenesis; Post-exercise recovery; Heat shock protein
• ISSN: 1355-8145; 1466-1268; 1466-1268
• DOI: 10.1007/s12192-016-0704-6

This study aims to evaluate the effect of regular post-exercise cold water immersion (CWI) on intramuscular markers of cellular stress response and signaling molecules related to mitochondria biogenesis and exercise performance after 4 weeks of high intensity interval training (HIIT). Seventeen healthy subjects were allocated into two groups: control (CON, n=9) or CWI (n=8). Each HIIT session consisted of 8-12 cycling exercise stimuli (90-110 % of peak power) for 60 s followed by 75 s of active recovery three times per week, for 4 weeks (12 HIIT sessions). After each HIIT session, the CWI had their lower limbs immersed in cold water (10 °C) for 15 min and the CON recovered at room temperature. Exercise performance was evaluated before and after HIIT by a 15-km cycling time trial. Vastus lateralis biopsies were obtained pre and 72h post training. Samples were analyzed for heat shock protein 72 kDa (Hsp72), adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and phosphorylated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p-p38 MAPK) assessed by western blot. In addition, the mRNA expression of heat shock factor-1 (HSF-1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α (PGC1α), nuclear respiratory factor 1 and 2 (NRF1 and 2), mitochondrial transcription factor A (Tfam), calcium calmodulin-dependent protein kinase 2 (CaMK2) and enzymes citrate synthase (CS), carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT1), and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK4) were assessed by real-time PCR. Time to complete the 15-km cycling time trial was reduced with training (p<0.001), but was not different between groups (p=0.33). The Hsp72 (p=0.01), p38 MAPK, and AMPK (p=0.04) contents increased with training, but were not different between groups (p>0.05). No differences were observed with training or condition for mRNA expression of PGC-1α (p=0.31), CPT1 (p=0.14), CS (p=0.44), and NRF-2 (p=0.82). However, HFS-1 (p=0.007), PDK4 (p=0.03), and Tfam (p=0.03) mRNA were higher in CWI. NRF-1 decrease in both groups after training (p=0.006). CaMK2 decreased with HIIT (p=0.003) but it was not affected by CWI (p=0.99). Cold water immersion does not alter HIIT-induced Hsp72, AMPK, p38 MAPK and exercise performance but was able to increase some markers of cellular stress response and signaling molecules related to mitochondria biogenesis.