Double-brooding and annual breeding success of great tits in urban and forest habitats

• Published in: Current zoology Vol. 68; no. 5; pp. 517 - 525
• Main Authors: Bukor, Boglarka, Seress, Gabor, Pipoly, Ivett, Sandor, Krisztina, Sinkovics, Csenge, Vincze, Erno, Liker, Andras
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Oxford University Press 01.10.2022
• Subjects: Animal breeding; Behavior; Biologi; Biological Sciences; Birds; Chickadees; Ecology; Ekologi; Environmental aspects; Forests and forestry; Hungary; Metropolitan areas; Natural Sciences; Naturvetenskap; Paridae; Hungary
• ISSN: 1674-5507; 2396-9814
• DOI: 10.1093/cz/zoab096

Urban areas differ from natural habitats in several environmental features that influence the characteristics of animals living there. For example, birds often start breeding seasonally earlier and fedge fewer offspring per brood in cities than in natural habitats. However, longer breeding seasons in cities may increase the frequency of double-brooding in urban compared with nonurban populations, thus potentially increasing urban birds' annual reproductive output and resulting in lower habitat difference in reproductive success than estimated by studies focusing on first clutches only. In this study, we investigated 2 urban and 2 forests great tit Parus major populations from 2013 to 2019. We compared the probability of double-brooding and the total number of annually fedged chicks per female between urban and forest habitats, while controlling for the effects of potentially confounding variables. There was a trend for a higher probability of double-brooding in urban (44% of females) than in forest populations (36%), although this was not consistent between the 2 urban sites. Females produced significantly fewer fedglings annually in the cities than in the forest sites, and this difference was present both within single- and double-brooded females. Furthermore, double-brooded urban females produced a similar number of fedglings per season as single-brooded forest females. These results indicate that double-brooding increases the reproductive success of female great tits in both habitats, but urban females cannot effectively compensate in this way for their lower reproductive output per brood. However, other mechanisms like increased post-fedging survival can mitigate habitat differences in reproductive success.