Exercise Increases 24-h Fat Oxidation Only When It Is Performed Before Breakfast

• Published in: EBioMedicine Vol. 2; no. 12; pp. 2003 - 2009
• Main Authors: Iwayama, Kaito, Kurihara, Reiko, Nabekura, Yoshiharu, Kawabuchi, Ryosuke, Park, Insung, Kobayashi, Masashi, Ogata, Hitomi, Kayaba, Momoko, Satoh, Makoto, Tokuyama, Kumpei
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Netherlands Elsevier B.V 01.12.2015; Elsevier
• Subjects: 24 h fat oxidation; 24 h fat oxidation; Adult; Breakfast; Dietary Fats - metabolism; Energy balance; Energy Intake; Energy Metabolism; Exercise; Humans; Life Style; Lipid Metabolism; Male; Metabolic chamber; Oxidation-Reduction; Time Factors; Transient energy deficits; Young Adult; Energy balance; Metabolic chamber; Transient energy deficits; 24h fat oxidation; 24 h fat oxidation
• ISSN: 2352-3964; 2352-3964
• DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2015.10.029

As part of the growing lifestyle diversity in modern society, there is wide variation in the time of day individuals choose to exercise. Recent surveys in the US and Japan have reported that on weekdays, more people exercise in the evening, with fewer individuals exercising in the morning or afternoon. Exercise performed in the post-prandial state has little effect on accumulated fat oxidation over 24h (24-h fat oxidation) when energy intake is matched to energy expenditure (energy-balanced condition). The present study explored the possibility that exercise increases 24-h fat oxidation only when performed in a post-absorptive state, i.e. before breakfast. Indirect calorimetry using a metabolic chamber was performed in 10 young, non-obese men over 24h. Subjects remained sedentary (control) or performed 60-min exercise before breakfast (morning), after lunch (afternoon), or after dinner (evening) at 50% of VO2max. All trials were designed to be energy balanced over 24h. Time course of energy and substrate balance relative to the start of calorimetry were estimated from the differences between input (meal consumption) and output (oxidation). Fat oxidation over 24h was increased only when exercise was performed before breakfast (control, 456±61; morning, 717±64; afternoon, 446±57; and evening, 432±44kcal/day). Fat oxidation over 24h was negatively correlated with the magnitude of the transient deficit in energy and carbohydrate. Under energy-balanced conditions, 24-h fat oxidation was increased by exercise only when performed before breakfast. Transient carbohydrate deficits, i.e., glycogen depletion, observed after morning exercise may have contributed to increased 24-h fat oxidation. •Exercise performed before breakfast increases 24h fat oxidation.•Exercise-induced transient energy deficit cues to increase 24h fat oxidation.•Exercise in fed state doesn't increase 24h fat oxidation in energy-balanced condition.•Urinary N2 excretion was not affected by time of the day when exercise was performed. Indirect calorimetry using a metabolic chamber was performed in 10 young men over 24h. Subjects remained sedentary or performed 60-min exercise before breakfast, after lunch or dinner at 50% of VO2max. All trials were designed to be energy balanced, i.e., intake and expenditure of energy over 24-h were matched. When exercise was performed after lunch or dinner, 24-h fat oxidation was similar to that of sedentary day, i.e. exercise didn't increase fat oxidation. Only when exercise was performed before breakfast, 24-h fat oxidation increased, and a significant transient energy deficit after morning exercise seems to stimulate 24-h fat oxidation.