NADPH oxidases in traumatic brain injury – Promising therapeutic targets?

• Published in: Redox biology Vol. 16; pp. 285 - 293
• Main Authors: Ma, Merry W., Wang, Jing, Dhandapani, Krishnan M., Wang, Ruimin, Brann, Darrell W.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Netherlands Elsevier B.V 01.06.2018; Elsevier
• Subjects: Apocynin; Brain - enzymology; Brain - pathology; Brain Injuries, Traumatic - drug therapy; Brain Injuries, Traumatic - enzymology; Brain Injuries, Traumatic - genetics; Brain Injuries, Traumatic - physiopathology; CCI; CHI; Controlled cortical impact; FPI; gp91ds-tat; Humans; Microglia; NADPH oxidase; NADPH Oxidase 2 - antagonists & inhibitors; NADPH Oxidase 2 - genetics; NADPH Oxidase 4 - antagonists & inhibitors; NADPH Oxidase 4 - genetics; NADPH Oxidases - antagonists & inhibitors; NADPH Oxidases - genetics; Neurons - enzymology; Neurons - pathology; NOX; NOX1; NOX2; NOX4; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxidative stress; Oxidative Stress - genetics; Reactive Oxygen Species; ROS; Short Review; TBI; Traumatic brain injury; Oxidative stress; Traumatic brain injury; CHI; Apocynin; CCI; Controlled cortical impact; gp91ds-tat; Microglia; NOX; NADPH oxidase; ROS; NOX4; TBI; WT; NOX1; FPI; NOX2
• ISSN: 2213-2317; 2213-2317
• DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.03.005

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of death and disability worldwide. Despite intense investigation, no neuroprotective agents for TBI have yet translated to the clinic. Recent efforts have focused on identifying potential therapeutic targets that underlie the secondary TBI pathology that evolves minutes to years following the initial injury. Oxidative stress is a key player in this complex cascade of secondary injury mechanisms and prominently contributes to neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation. NADPH oxidase (NOX) is a family of enzymes whose unique function is to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). Human post-mortem and animal studies have identified elevated NOX2 and NOX4 levels in the injured brain, suggesting that these two NOXs are involved in the pathogenesis of TBI. In support of this, NOX2 and NOX4 deletion studies have collectively revealed that targeting NOX enzymes can reduce oxidative stress, attenuate neuroinflammation, promote neuronal survival, and improve functional outcomes following TBI. In addition, NOX inhibitor studies have confirmed these findings and demonstrated an extended critical window of efficacious TBI treatment. Finally, the translational potential, caveats, and future directions of the field are highlighted and discussed throughout the review.