Influence of Age and Geography on Chemical Composition of 98043 Urinary Stones from the USA

• Published in: European urology open science (Online) Vol. 34; pp. 19 - 26
• Main Authors: Katz, Jonathan E., Soodana-Prakash, Nachiketh, Jain, Anika, Parmar, Madhumita, Smith, Nicholas, Kryvenko, Oleksandr, Austin, Glenn W., Shah, Hemendra N.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Netherlands Elsevier B.V 01.12.2021; Elsevier
• Subjects: Calcium oxalate stone; calcium phosphate stone; Epidemiology; stone analysis; stone composition; Stone Disease; struvite stone; Uric acid stones; Urolithiasis; Calcium oxalate stone; stone composition; Urolithiasis; Uric acid stones; stone analysis; struvite stone; Epidemiology; calcium phosphate stone
• ISSN: 2666-1683; 2666-1691; 2666-1683
• DOI: 10.1016/j.euros.2021.09.011

In this report, we examined the incidence of urinary stones in the USA and categorized their frequency based on chemical composition. We found that calcium oxalate made up ~80% of overall stones, of which almost 50% were pure calcium oxalate monohydrate. We also found that age and geographical region were significantly associated with variations in stone composition. Urolithiasis is a growing issue globally, but it is heterogeneous, with a different epidemiology and pathophysiology for each different stone composition. The purpose of this study is to describe the incidence of urinary stones in the USA from 2016 to 2019 by chemical composition and to investigate the influence of age and geography on these stone types. We obtained compositional analyses for all urinary stones submitted to a national laboratory over an approximately 3-yr period. Data collected included the chemical constituents of a stone, patient age, and geographical origin. We describe the incidence of each stone type by frequency. Statistical testing was performed to determine the influence of age and geographical region on overall incidence of each stone composition. In total, 99908 specimens were analyzed. When pure stones were ordered by frequency, we found that the most common stone type was calcium oxalate (CaOx) (79.2%), followed by uric acid (UA; 14.3%), calcium phosphate (CaPO4; 3.7%), cystine (0.51%), drug induced (0.12%), and magnesium ammonium phosphate (0.04%). CaOx, UA, and CaPO4 were often mixed with one another. Among CaOx stones, the plurality (28.0%) was made of pure calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM), and only 0.002% was pure calcium oxalate dihydrate. There was an overall association between stone composition and both geographical distribution and age (p < 0.001). CaOx stones comprise the majority of urinary stones in the USA, of which almost 28% were pure COM. Additionally, age and geographical region are significantly associated with variations in stone composition. We evaluated the incidence of urinary stones in the USA based on their chemical composition. The most common stone type was calcium oxalate, the majority of which was pure calcium oxalate monohydrate. We also found age and geographical region to be significantly associated with variations in stone composition.