Ten Years of Theta Burst Stimulation in Humans: Established Knowledge, Unknowns and Prospects

• Published in: Brain stimulation Vol. 9; no. 3; pp. 323 - 335
• Main Authors: Suppa, A., Huang, Y.-Z., Funke, K., Ridding, M.C., Cheeran, B., Di Lazzaro, V., Ziemann, U., Rothwell, J.C.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Elsevier Inc 01.05.2016
• Subjects: Adult; Animal model; Animals; Evoked Potentials, Motor - physiology; Female; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Long-Term Potentiation - physiology; Motor Cortex - physiology; Motor Cortex - physiopathology; Movement Disorders - physiopathology; Movement Disorders - therapy; Neurology; Neuronal Plasticity - physiology; Plasticity; Primary motor cortex; Theta burst stimulation; Theta Rhythm - physiology; Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation - methods; Theta burst stimulation; PAS; M1; PMd; PV; GTS; InsP3Rs; COMT; STP; HFO; TRP; MO; TBS; EEG; SMA; AMT; GAD; PSP; iTBS; BCM; Primary motor cortex; Cer; CAR; GABA; MEP; NMDAR; LTD; BA; SEP; Animal model; TDCS; LTP; cTBS; LIDs; SD; SNP; CBS; Plasticity; NMDA; MSA; CB; CD; DLPFC; BDNF; PD; ECT; RMT; LE; TMS; HD; DA; rTMS; Parkinson's disease; resting motor threshold; N-methyl- d-aspartate; active motor threshold; transcranial magnetic stimulation; Gilles de la Tourette syndrome; InsP 3Rs; Sprague–Dawley; γ-aminobutyric acid; continuous theta burst stimulation; long-term potentiation; cerebellum; calbindin; Dark Agouti; Bienenstock–Cooper–Munroe; transient receptor potential; l-Dopa-induced dyskinesias; parvalbumin; Multiple System Atrophy; glutamate decarboxylase; cortisol awakening response; Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor; single nucleotide polymorphism; dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; transcranial direct current stimulation; motor evoked potential; short-term potentiation; catechol-O-methyltransferase; high frequency oscillation; lnositol 1,4,5-trisphoshate receptors; long-term depression; repetitive TMS; somatosensory evoked potential; corticobasal syndrome; Long-Evans; supplementary motor area; electroconvulsive therapy; electroencephalography; cervical dystonia; paired associative stimulation; Huntington's disease; N-methyl- d-aspartate receptor; intermittent theta burst stimulation; Brodmann area; Progressive Supranuclear Palsy; maximal machine output; dorsal premotor cortex
• ISSN: 1935-861X; 1876-4754; 1876-4754
• DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2016.01.006

•This review focuses on TBS studies in healthy subjects and in patients with movement disorders.•This review also focuses on the experimental evidence coming from TBS studies in animals.•This review discuss the status of TBS as a possible new non-invasive therapy aimed at improving symptoms in various types of neurological disorders Over the last ten years, an increasing number of authors have used the theta burst stimulation (TBS) protocol to investigate long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD)-like plasticity non-invasively in the primary motor cortex (M1) in healthy humans and in patients with various types of movement disorders. We here provide a comprehensive review of the LTP/LTD-like plasticity induced by TBS in the human M1. A workgroup of researchers expert in this research field review and discuss critically ten years of experimental evidence from TBS studies in humans and in animal models. The review also includes the discussion of studies assessing responses to TBS in patients with movement disorders. We discuss experimental studies applying TBS over the M1 or in other cortical regions functionally connected to M1 in healthy subjects and in patients with various types of movement disorders. We also review experimental evidence coming from TBS studies in animals. Finally, we clarify the status of TBS as a possible new non-invasive therapy aimed at improving symptoms in various neurological disorders.