PARP inhibition during alkylation-induced genotoxic stress signals a cell cycle checkpoint response mediated by ATM

• Published in: DNA repair Vol. 8; no. 11; pp. 1264 - 1272
• Main Authors: Carrozza, Michael J., Stefanick, Donna F., Horton, Julie K., Kedar, Padmini S., Wilson, Samuel H.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Amsterdam Elsevier B.V 02.11.2009; Elsevier
• Subjects: 1-Naphthylamine - analogs & derivatives; 1-Naphthylamine - pharmacology; Alkylation - drug effects; Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins; ATM; Bacteriology; Biological and medical sciences; Cell cycle; Cell Cycle - drug effects; Cell Cycle Proteins - metabolism; Cell cycle, cell proliferation; Cell Line; Cell physiology; Checkpoint Kinase 2; Chk2; DNA Damage; DNA-Binding Proteins - metabolism; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology; Growth, nutrition, cell differenciation; Humans; Methyl methanesulfonate; Methyl Methanesulfonate - pharmacology; Microbiology; Molecular and cellular biology; Molecular genetics; Mutagenesis. Repair; Naphthalimides - pharmacology; PARP inhibitor; PARP-1; Phosphorylation; Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase Inhibitors; Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases - metabolism; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases - metabolism; Quinolones - pharmacology; Tumor Suppressor Proteins - metabolism; Methyl methanesulfonate; ATM; Chk2; PARP-1; PARP inhibitor; Cell cycle; Toxicity; Genotoxicity; Stress; DNA; Inhibitor; Inhibition; Repair; Control point
• ISSN: 1568-7864; 1568-7856
• DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2009.07.010

By limiting cell cycle progression following detection of DNA damage, checkpoints are critical for cell survival and genome stability. Methylated DNA damage, when combined with inhibition of PARP activity, results in an ATR-dependent S phase delay of the cell cycle. Here, we demonstrate that another checkpoint kinase, ATM, also is involved in the DNA damage response following treatment with a sub-lethal concentration of MMS combined with the PARP inhibitor 4-AN. Both ATM and PARP activities are important for moderating cellular sensitivity to MMS. Loss of ATM activity, or that of its downstream effector Chk2, limited the duration of the S phase delay. The combination of MMS and 4-AN resulted in ATM and Chk2 phosphorylation and the time course of phosphorylation for both kinases correlated with the S phase delay. Chk2 phosphorylation was reduced in the absence of ATM activity. The Chk2 phosphorylation that remained in the absence of ATM appeared to be dependent on ATR and DNA-PK. The results demonstrate that, following initiation of base excision repair and inhibition of PARP activity, ATM activation is critical for preventing the cell from progressing through S phase, and for protection against MMS-induced cytotoxicity.