The Human GNAS1 Gene is Imprinted and Encodes Distinct Paternally and Biallelically Expressed G Proteins

The GNAS1 gene encodes the α subunit of the G protein Gs, which couples receptor binding by several hormones to activation of adenylate cyclase. Null mutations of GNAS1 cause pseudohypoparathyroidism (PHP) type Ia, in which hormone resistance occurs in association with a characteristic osteodystroph...

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Published inProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS Vol. 95; no. 17; pp. 10038 - 10043
Main Authors Hayward, Bruce E., Kamiya, Mamoru, Strain, Lisa, Moran, Veronica, Campbell, Roderick, Hayashizaki, Yoshihide, Bonthron, David T.
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published United States National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 18.08.1998
National Acad Sciences
National Academy of Sciences
The National Academy of Sciences
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Summary:The GNAS1 gene encodes the α subunit of the G protein Gs, which couples receptor binding by several hormones to activation of adenylate cyclase. Null mutations of GNAS1 cause pseudohypoparathyroidism (PHP) type Ia, in which hormone resistance occurs in association with a characteristic osteodystrophy. The observation that PHP Ia almost always is inherited maternally has led to the suggestion that GNAS1 may be an imprinted gene. Here, we show that, although Gsα expression (directed by the promoter upstream of exon 1) is biallelic, GNAS1 is indeed imprinted in a promoter-specific fashion. We used parthenogenetic lymphocyte DNA to screen by restriction landmark genomic scanning for loci showing differential methylation between paternal and maternal alleles. This screen identified a region that was found to be methylated exclusively on a maternal allele and was located ≈ 35 kb upstream of GNAS1 exon 1. This region contains three novel exons that are spliced into alternative GNAS1 mRNA species, including one exon that encodes the human homologue of the large G protein XLα s. Transcription of these novel mRNAs is exclusively from the paternal allele in all tissues examined. The differential imprinting of separate protein products of GNAS1 therefore may contribute to the anomalous inheritance of PHP Ia.
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Edited by Stuart H. Orkin, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, and approved June 18, 1998
To whom reprint requests should be addressed. e-mail: D.Bonthron@ed.ac.uk.
ISSN:0027-8424
1091-6490
DOI:10.1073/pnas.95.17.10038