Pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in 957 patients with varying renal function dosed once daily

• Published in: British journal of clinical pharmacology Vol. 47; no. 6; pp. 637 - 643
• Main Authors: KIRKPATRICK, C. M. J, DUFFULL, S. B, BEGG, E. J
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Oxford, UK Blackwell Science Ltd 01.06.1999; Blackwell Science; Blackwell Science Inc
• Subjects: Adult; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents - pharmacokinetics; Antibacterial agents; Antibiotics. Antiinfectious agents. Antiparasitic agents; Biological and medical sciences; Female; gentamicin; Gentamicins - pharmacokinetics; Humans; Kidney - metabolism; Male; Medical sciences; Metabolic Clearance Rate; Middle Aged; Original; pharmacokinetics; Pharmacology. Drug treatments; Regression Analysis; renal function; Human; Gentamicin; Elimination; Bioavailability; Metabolism; Forecasting; Kidney; Antibiotic; Urinary system; Aminoglycoside; Interindividual comparison; Single daily dose; Models; Antibacterial agent; Pharmacokinetics
• ISSN: 0306-5251; 1365-2125
• DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2125.1999.00938.x

Aims 1. To determine the population pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in 957 patients with varying renal function dosed once daily. 2. To see if current starting doses for once daily aminoglycoside dosing are appropriate. 3. To test whether calculating creatinine clearance using an adjusted Cockcroft and Gault method (CLCr,adjusted ) was a better predictor of gentamicin clearance than the standard Cockcroft and Gault method (CLCr,unadjusted ). Methods Nine hundred and fifty‐seven patients were dose‐individualized for gentamicin using SeBA‐GEN, a Bayesian dosing method. This method returns estimates of the values of gentamicin CL and V d from which the 24 h AUC can be estimated. The goal of therapy was to attain an AUC of 70–100 mg l−1 h depending on the severity of the infection. The population was divided into four groups of differing renal function. Linear regression analysis was performed to determine the relationship between V d and various indices of weight, and gentamicin CL and either CLCr,adjusted or CLCr,unadjusted. Results The mean V d (±s.d.) and CL (±s.d.) of gentamicin in our total population were 17.4 (±4.1) l and 4.0 (±1.8) l h−1, respectively. There was a decrease in V d with reducing renal function when comparing patients with normal renal function and patients with poor renal function. The lower of total body weight (TBW) and lean body weight (LBW), termed dosing weight (DWT), was a slightly better predictor of V d (r2=0.28) than either TBW (r2=0.21) or LBW (r2=0.21). CLCr,adjusted (r2=0.80) was a better predictor of gentamicin CL than CLCr,unadjusted (r2=0.57). Conclusions The mean population values of V d and CL of gentamicin dosed once daily are similar to those described by others in relation to multiple daily dosing. Given that previous methods have been based on population values of V d and CL from multiple daily dosing, the currently recommended starting doses for once daily aminoglycoside dosing would seem appropriate. The V d reduced with decreasing renal function, with a maximum of 23% difference between patients with normal and poor renal function. The Cockcroft and Gault method of calculating creatinine clearance does not appear to perform well at low values of serum creatinine concentration. An adjustment of the Cockcroft and Gault method is proposed to allow for this.