Perceptual Expectation Evokes Category-Selective Cortical Activity

• Published in: Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. 1991) Vol. 20; no. 5; pp. 1245 - 1253
• Main Authors: Esterman, Michael, Yantis, Steven
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Oxford University Press 01.05.2010
• Subjects: Analysis of Variance; attention; Attention - physiology; Brain Mapping; Cues; Discrimination (Psychology); expectation; Female; fMRI; Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted - methods; Magnetic Resonance Imaging - methods; Male; Noise; object perception; Oxygen - blood; Pattern Recognition, Visual - physiology; Photic Stimulation - methods; Reaction Time - physiology; Time Factors; Visual Cortex - blood supply; Visual Cortex - physiology; Visual Pathways - blood supply; Visual Pathways - physiology
• ISSN: 1047-3211; 1460-2199
• DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhp188

Selective visual attention directed to a location (even in the absence of a stimulus) increases activity in the corresponding regions of visual cortex and enhances the speed and accuracy of target perception. We further explored top-down influences on perceptual representations by manipulating observers’ expectations about the category of an upcoming target. Observers viewed a display in which an object (either a face or a house) gradually emerged from a state of phase-scrambled noise; a cue established expectation about the object category. Observers were faster to categorize faces (gender discrimination) or houses (structural discrimination) when the category of the partially scrambled object matched their expectation. Functional magnetic resonance imaging revealed that this expectation was associated with anticipatory increases in category-specific visual cortical activity, even in the absence of object- or category-specific visual information. Expecting a face evoked increased activity in face-selective cortical regions in the fusiform gyrus and superior temporal sulcus. Conversely, expecting a house increased activity in parahippocampal gyrus. These results suggest that visual anticipation facilitates subsequent perception by recruiting, in advance, the same cortical mechanisms as those involved in perception.