The Role of Copper Homeostasis at the Host-Pathogen Axis: From Bacteria to Fungi

Copper is an essential trace element participating in many vital biological processes, however it becomes a toxic agent when in excess. Thus, precise and tight regulation of copper homeostasis processes, including transport, delivery, storage, detoxification, and efflux machineries, is important, en...

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Bibliographic Details
Published inInternational journal of molecular sciences Vol. 20; no. 1; p. 175
Main Authors Li, Chao, Li, Yanjian, Ding, Chen
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Switzerland MDPI AG 05.01.2019
MDPI
Subjects
Animal models
Attenuation
Bacteria
Bacteria - metabolism
bacterial pathogen
Copper
Copper - metabolism
Disruption
Efflux
fungal pathogen
Fungi
Fungi - metabolism
Fungi - pathogenicity
Gene expression
Guinea pigs
Homeostasis
Host-Pathogen Interactions
Immunity
Infections
Mammals
Metabolism
Neutropenia
Pathogenicity
Pathogens
Phenotypes
Proteins
Review
Salmonella
Transcription factors
Tuberculosis
Virulence
copper
fungal pathogen
immunity
bacterial pathogen
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Summary:Copper is an essential trace element participating in many vital biological processes, however it becomes a toxic agent when in excess. Thus, precise and tight regulation of copper homeostasis processes, including transport, delivery, storage, detoxification, and efflux machineries, is important, ensuring that only the amount needed to sustain basic biological functions and simultaneously prevent copper toxicity in the cell is maintained. Numerous exciting studies have revealed that copper plays an indispensable role at the microbial pathogen-host axis for entities ranging from pathogenic bacteria to deadly fungal species. Analyses of copper homeostases in bacteria and fungi extensively demonstrate that copper is utilized by the host immune system as an anti-microbial agent. The expression of copper efflux and detoxification from microbial pathogens is induced to counteract the host's copper bombardment, which in turn disrupts these machineries, resulting in the attenuation of microbial survival in host tissue. We hereby review the latest work in copper homeostases in pathogenic bacteria and fungi and focus on the maintenance of a copper balance at the pathogen-host interaction axis.
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ISSN:1422-0067
1661-6596
1422-0067
DOI:10.3390/ijms20010175