In Situ Analysis of Changes in Telomere Size during Replicative Aging and Cell Transformation

• Published in: The Journal of cell biology Vol. 134; no. 1; pp. 1 - 12
• Main Authors: Henderson, Scott, Allsopp, Richard, Spector, David, Wang, Sy-Shi, Harley, Calvin
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Rockefeller University Press 01.07.1996; The Rockefeller University Press
• Subjects: Cell Division; Cell lines; Cell Transformation, Viral; Cells; Cells, Cultured; Cellular biology; Cellular Senescence; Chromosomes; Fibroblasts; Genes; HEK293 cells; Humans; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; Interphase; Signal detection; Simian virus 40; Somatic cells; Telomere - ultrastructure; Telomeres
• ISSN: 0021-9525; 1540-8140
• DOI: 10.1083/jcb.134.1.1

Telomeres have been shown to gradually shorten during replicative aging in human somatic cells by Southern analysis. This study examines telomere shortening at the single cell level by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). FISH and confocal microscopy of interphase human diploid fibroblasts (HDFs) demonstrate that telomeres are distributed throughout the nucleus with an interchromosomal heterogeneity in size. Analysis of HDFs at increasing population doubling levels shows a gradual decrease in spot size, intensity, and detectability of telomeric signal. FISH of metaphase chromosomes prepared from young and old HDFs shows a heterogeneity in detection frequency for telomeres on chromosomes 1, 9, 15, and Y. The interchromosomal distribution of detection frequencies was similar for cells at early and late passage. The telomeric detection frequency for metaphase chromosomes also decreased with age. These observations suggest that telomeres shorten at similar rates in normal human somatic cells. T-antigen transformed HDFs near crisis contained telomere signals that were low compared to nontransformed HDFs. A large intracellular heterogeneity in telomere lengths was detected in two telomerase-negative cell lines compared to normal somatic cells and the telomerase-positive 293 cell line. Many telomerase-negative immortal cells had telomeric signals stronger than those in young HDFs, suggesting a different mechanism for telomere length regulation in telomerase-negative immortal cells. These studies provide an in situ demonstration of interchromosomal heterogeneity in telomere lengths. Furthermore, FISH is a reliable and sensitive method for detecting changes in telomere size at the single cell level.