The role of urban form and transit in city car dependence: Analysis of 26 global cities from 1960 to 2000

• Published in: Transportation research. Part D, Transport and environment Vol. 33; pp. 95 - 110
• Main Authors: McIntosh, James, Trubka, Roman, Kenworthy, Jeff, Newman, Peter
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Oxford Elsevier India Pvt Ltd 01.12.2014; Elsevier
• Subjects: Applied sciences; Automobiles; Automotive components; Automotive engineering; Buildings. Public works; Car dependence; Density; Exact sciences and technology; Ground, air and sea transportation, marine construction; Mathematical models; Road transportation and traffic; Transit; Transit planning; Transport; Transportation; Transportation planning, management and economics; Urban density; Urban development; Urban density; Car dependence; Transit planning; Data analysis; Motor car; Urban structure; Structural equation modeling; Transportation; Theoretical study; Econometric model; Urban area; Town; Classification; Dependence; Database; Planning; Population density
• ISSN: 1361-9209; 1879-2340
• DOI: 10.1016/j.trd.2014.08.013

•26 cities analysed, accounting for city typology, regional context, urban transport/form.•40year temporal analysis of car dependence and the transport and urban fabric effects.•Structural equation modelling addressed the causation of parameters of VKT per capita.•Transit service and urban density primary direct factors in growth in VKT per capita.•To limit car dependence, invest in quality transit systems and building up urban density. Car dependence is in decline in most developed cities, but its cause is still unclear as cities struggle with priorities in urban form and transport infrastructure. This paper draws conclusions from analysis of data in 26 cities over the last 40years of the 20th century. Statistical modelling techniques are applied to urban transport and urban form data, while examining the influence of region, city archetype and individual fixed effects. Structural equation modelling is employed to address causation and understand the direct and indirect effects of selected parameters on per capita vehicle kilometres travelled (VKT). Findings suggest that, while location effects are important, transit service levels and urban density play a significant part in determining urban car use per capita, and causality does flow from these factors towards a city’s levels of private vehicle travel as well as the level of the provision of road capacity.