The strong, sensitive type: Effects of gender stereotypes and leadership prototypes on the evaluation of male and female leaders

• Published in: Organizational behavior and human decision processes Vol. 106; no. 1; pp. 39 - 60
• Main Authors: Johnson, Stefanie K., Murphy, Susan Elaine, Zewdie, Selamawit, Reichard, Rebecca J.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Amsterdam Elsevier Inc 01.05.2008; Elsevier; Elsevier Science Publishing Company, Inc
• Series: Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes
• Subjects: Bias; Biological and medical sciences; Employment discrimination; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology; Gender; Gender differences; Leaders; Leadership; Methodology; Prototypes; Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry; Psychology. Psychophysiology; Sensitivity; Sex; Sex-type; Social attribution, perception and cognition; Social psychology; Social role. Sex role; Stereotypes; Studies; Leadership; Gender; Sex-type; Prototypes; Bias; Human; Social perception; Prototype; Sex role; Sex; Stereotype; Cognition; Experimental study; Social cognition; Cognitive bias
• ISSN: 0749-5978; 1095-9920
• DOI: 10.1016/j.obhdp.2007.12.002

The disparity between the success of male and female leaders may result from the incongruity between the female sex role and the leadership role. We provide an in-depth test of role congruity theory [Eagly, A. H., & Karau, S. J. (2002). Role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders. Psychological Review, 109, 573–598] through a mix of qualitative, experimental, and survey methodologies. Our studies identify current male and female leader prototypes and show evidence of both descriptive and prescriptive biases associated with gender in evaluating leaders. In addition, we examined participant sex-type finding that feminine individuals expect that leaders are more sensitive than masculine individuals, who expect that leaders are more masculine, strong, and tyrannical than feminine individuals. Similarly, sensitivity was more strongly associated with female leadership, whereas masculinity, strength, and tyranny were more strongly associated with male leadership. However, for female leaders to be perceived as effective they needed to demonstrate both sensitivity and strength, although male leaders only needed to demonstrate strength.