Fractures Attributable to Osteoporosis: Report from the National Osteoporosis Foundation

• Published in: Journal of bone and mineral research Vol. 12; no. 1; pp. 16 - 23
• Main Authors: Melton, L. J., Thamer, M., Ray, N. F., Chan, J. K., Chesnut, C. H., Einhorn, T. A., Johnston, C. C., Raisz, L. G., Silverman, S. L., Siris, E. S.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Washington, DC John Wiley and Sons and The American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR) 01.01.1997; American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
• Subjects: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Aging - pathology; Asian People; Biological and medical sciences; Black or African American; Black People; Databases, Factual; Delphi Technique; Diseases of the osteoarticular system; Female; Fractures, Bone - epidemiology; Fractures, Bone - etiology; Fractures, Bone - physiopathology; Hip Fractures - epidemiology; Hip Fractures - etiology; Hip Fractures - physiopathology; Humans; Male; Medical sciences; Middle Aged; Osteoporosis - complications; Osteoporosis - physiopathology; Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal - complications; Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal - physiopathology; Osteoporosis. Osteomalacia. Paget disease; Radius Fractures - epidemiology; Radius Fractures - etiology; Radius Fractures - physiopathology; Sex Factors; Societies, Medical; Spinal Fractures - epidemiology; Spinal Fractures - etiology; Spinal Fractures - physiopathology; United States - epidemiology; White People; United States; North America; America; Human; Osteoporosis; Costs; Health economy; Diseases of the osteoarticular system; Bone disease; Fracture; Trauma; Public health
• ISSN: 0884-0431; 1523-4681
• DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.1997.12.1.16

To assess the cost‐effectiveness of interventions to prevent osteoporosis, it is necessary to estimate total health care expenditures for the treatment of osteoporotic fractures. Resources utilized for the treatment of many diseases can be estimated from secondary databases using relevant diagnosis codes, but such codes do not indicate which fractures are osteoporotic in nature. Therefore, a panel of experts was convened to make judgments about the probabilities that fractures of different types might be related to osteoporosis according to patient age, gender, and race. A three‐round Delphi process was applied to estimate the proportion of fractures related to osteoporosis (i.e., the osteoporosis attribution probabilities) in 72 categories comprised of four specific fracture types (hip, spine, forearm, all other sites combined) stratified by three age groups (45–64 years, 65–84 years, 85 years and older), three racial groups (white, black, all others), and both genders (female, male). It was estimated that at least 90% of all hip and spine fractures among elderly white women should be attributed to osteoporosis. Much smaller proportions of the other fractures were attributed to osteoporosis. Regardless of fracture type, attribution probabilities were less for men than women and generally less for non‐whites than whites. These probabilities will be used to estimate the total direct medical costs associated with osteoporosis‐related fractures in the United States.