Luteal Phase Deficiency in Recreational Runners: Evidence for a Hypometabolic State

• Published in: The journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism Vol. 88; no. 1; pp. 337 - 346
• Main Authors: de Souza, Mary Jane, Van Heest, Jaci, Demers, Laurence M, Lasley, Bill L
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Bethesda, MD Endocrine Society 01.01.2003; Copyright by The Endocrine Society
• Subjects: Adult; Biological and medical sciences; Biomarkers; Energy Metabolism - physiology; Estrogens - biosynthesis; Female; Female genital diseases; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology; Gynecology. Andrology. Obstetrics; Humans; Insulin - blood; Leptin - blood; Luteal Phase - physiology; Medical sciences; Menstrual Cycle - physiology; Metabolic Diseases - physiopathology; Non tumoral diseases; Physical Education and Training; Progesterone - urine; Recreation; Running - physiology; Thyroid Hormones - blood; Vertebrates: body movement. Posture. Locomotion. Flight. Swimming. Physical exercise. Rest. Sports; Endocrinopathy; Human; Physical exercise; Menstruation disorders; Pancreatic hormone; Anovulation; Energy metabolism; Pathophysiology; Somatotropin hormone; Insulin like growth factor 1; Insulin; Running locomotion; Female genital diseases; Blood plasma; Insulin like growth factor binding protein; Ovarian diseases; Luteal phase; Adenohypophyseal hormone; Ovarian failure; Leptin; Young adult; Female; Thyroid hormone; Hormonal investigation
• ISSN: 0021-972X; 1945-7197
• DOI: 10.1210/jc.2002-020958

Exercising women with amenorrhea exhibit a hypometabolic state. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship of luteal phase deficient (LPD) menstrual cycles to metabolic hormones, including thyroid, insulin, human GH (hGH), leptin, and IGF-I and its binding protein levels in recreational runners. Menstrual cycle status was determined for three consecutive cycles in sedentary and moderately active women. Menstrual status was defined as ovulatory or LPD. Subjects were either sedentary (n = 10) or moderately active (n = 20) and were matched for age (27.7 ± 1.2 yr), body mass (60.2 ± 3.3 kg), menstrual cycle length (28.4 ± 0.9 d), and reproductive age (14.4 ± 1.2 yr). Daily urine samples for the determination of estrone conjugates, pregnanediol 3-glucuronide, and urinary levels of LH were collected. Blood was collected on a single day during the follicular phase (d 2–6) of each menstrual cycle for analysis of TSH, insulin, total T3, total T4, free T4, leptin, hGH, IGF-I, and IGF binding protein (IGFBP)-1 and IGFBP-3. Among the 10 sedentary subjects, 28 of 31 menstrual cycles were categorized as ovulatory (SedOvul). Among the 20 exercising subjects, 24 menstrual cycles were included in the ovulatory category (ExOvul), and 21 menstrual cycles were included in the LPD category (ExLPD). TSH, total T4, and free T4 levels were not significantly different among the three categories of cycles. Total T3 was suppressed (P = 0.035) in the ExLPD (1.63 ± 0.07 nmol/liter) and the ExOvul categories of cycles (1.75 ± 0.8 nmol/liter) compared with the SedOvul category of cycles (2.15 ± 0.1 nmol/liter). Leptin levels were lower (P < 0.001) in both the ExOvul (5.2 ± 0.4 μg/liter) and the ExLPD categories of cycles (5.1 ± 0.4 μg/liter) when compared with the SedOvul category of cycles (13.7 ± 1.7 μg/liter). Insulin was lower (P = 0.009) only in the ExLPD category of cycles (31.9 ± 2.8 pmol/liter) compared with the SedOvul (60.4 ± 8.3 pmol/liter) and ExOvul (61.8 ± 10.4 pmol/liter) categories of cycles. IGF-I, IGFBP-1, IGFBP-3, IGF-I/IGFBP-1, IGF-I/IGFBP-3, and hGH were comparable among the different categories of cycles. These data suggest that exercising women with LPD menstrual cycles exhibit hormonal alterations consistent with a hypometabolic state that is similar to that observed in amenorrheic athletes and other energy-deprived states, although not as comprehensive. These alterations may represent a metabolic adaptation to an intermittent short-term negative energy balance.