Evaluation of seasonal variations for the seasonal pattern assessment in mood disorder patients and healthy controls

• Published in: BMC psychiatry Vol. 25; no. 1; pp. 458 - 11
• Main Authors: Chang, Chiao-Erh, Chen, Hsi-Chung, Chen, I.-Ming, Hsu, Cheng-Dien, Liu, Chih-Ming, Chen, Chun-Hsin, Wang, Tsung-Yang, Chen, Wen-Yin, Huang, Shiau-Shian, Chen, Yen-Chih, Kuo, Po-Hsiu
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England BioMed Central Ltd 07.05.2025; BioMed Central; BMC
• Subjects: Adult; Affective disorders; Bipolar disorder; Case-Control Studies; Cross-Sectional Studies; East Asian People - psychology; Emotional disorders; Emotions; Evaluation; Factor analysis; Factor Analysis, Statistical; Female; Forecasts and trends; Humans; Language; Longitudinal Studies; Major depressive disorder; Male; Mental health surveys; Middle Aged; Mood; Mood disorders; Mood Disorders - diagnosis; Mood Disorders - epidemiology; Mood Disorders - psychology; Prevalence; Questionnaires; Reproducibility of Results; Schizophrenia; Seasonal affective disorder; Seasonal Affective Disorder - diagnosis; Seasonal Affective Disorder - epidemiology; Seasonal Affective Disorder - psychology; Seasonal pattern; Seasonal pattern assessment questionnaire; Seasonal variations; Seasonal variations (Diseases); Seasons; Sensitivity and Specificity; Surveys; Surveys and Questionnaires - statistics & numerical data; Symptom Assessment - methods; Symptom Assessment - statistics & numerical data; Taiwan - epidemiology; Translations; Winter; Taiwan; Japan; Seasonal affective disorder; Bipolar disorder; Seasonal pattern; Seasonal pattern assessment questionnaire; Major depressive disorder
• ISSN: 1471-244X; 1471-244X
• DOI: 10.1186/s12888-025-06916-y

Seasonal disturbances were common in mood disorders patients. The global seasonality score (GSS), derived from the Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire (SPAQ), was widely used to assess seasonality and related symptoms. This study aimed to establish the structure of the Chinese version of SPAQ. We examined the stability of seasonal pattern assessment across four seasons when administering SPAQ. The prevalence of seasonal affective disorder was estimated using SPAQ criteria. We recruited 596 mood disorder patients and 138 healthy controls (HC), with 121 patients and 37 HC followed up over four seasons. An exploratory factor analysis examined the GSS factor structure. We evaluated correlations between GSS symptom dimensions and "the degree of problems due to seasonal changes" and used intraclass correlation coefficient reliability (ICCR) to assess the consistency of symptom dimensions across seasons. Approximately a quarter of mood disorder patients met the criteria for seasonal affective disorder. The Chinese SPAQ revealed a two-factor structure: psychological and food-related symptoms among patients. The GSS showed a significant correlation (r = 0.64) with the degree of problems due to seasonal changes in mood disorder patients, while energy level and sleep significantly correlated with GSS (r > 0.75) in HC. Reporting reliability (ICCR > 0.4) was acceptable for GSS and mood/energy levels in patients across seasons. Seasonal variations were observed in reporting the symptom dimensions of the seasonal pattern assessment, while the GSS remained relatively stable in both mood disorder patients and HC. SPAQ is a useful tool for measuring seasonality, irrespective of the season of administration.