Atherogenic potential of microgravity hemodynamics in the carotid bifurcation: a numerical investigation

• Published in: NPJ microgravity Vol. 8; no. 1; pp. 39 - 11
• Main Authors: Sucosky, Philippe, Kalaiarasan, Varun Vinayak, Quasebarth, Graham B., Strack, Patricia, Shar, Jason A.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: London Nature Publishing Group UK 09.09.2022; Nature Publishing Group; Nature Portfolio
• Subjects: 631/57; 639/166/985; 692/699/75/593/2100; Adaptation; Applied Microbiology; Biomedical and Life Sciences; Biotechnology; Carotid artery; Classical and Continuum Physics; Computer applications; Hemodynamics; Immunology; Life Sciences; Microgravity; Population studies; Space Exploration and Astronautics; Space flight; Space Sciences (including Extraterrestrial Physics; Thromboembolism; Weightlessness
• ISSN: 2373-8065; 2373-8065
• DOI: 10.1038/s41526-022-00223-6

Long-duration spaceflight poses multiple hazards to human health, including physiological changes associated with microgravity. The hemodynamic adaptations occurring upon entry into weightlessness have been associated with retrograde stagnant flow conditions and thromboembolic events in the venous vasculature but the impact of microgravity on cerebral arterial hemodynamics and function remains poorly understood. The objective of this study was to quantify the effects of microgravity on hemodynamics and wall shear stress (WSS) characteristics in 16 carotid bifurcation geometries reconstructed from ultrasonography images using computational fluid dynamics modeling. Microgravity resulted in a significant 21% increase in flow stasis index, a 22–23% decrease in WSS magnitude and a 16–26% increase in relative residence time in all bifurcation branches, while preserving WSS unidirectionality. In two anatomies, however, microgravity not only promoted flow stasis but also subjected the convex region of the external carotid arterial wall to a moderate increase in WSS bidirectionality, which contrasted with the population average trend. This study suggests that long-term exposure to microgravity has the potential to subject the vasculature to atheroprone hemodynamics and this effect is modulated by subject-specific anatomical features. The exploration of the biological impact of those microgravity-induced WSS aberrations is needed to better define the risk posed by long spaceflights on cardiovascular health.