Association between a dietary pattern high in saturated fatty acids, dietary energy density, and sodium with coronary heart disease

• Published in: Scientific reports Vol. 12; no. 1; p. 13049
• Main Authors: Abu Bakar, Nur Ain Fatinah, Ahmad, Aryati, Wan Musa, Wan Zulaika, Shahril, Mohd Razif, Wan-Arfah, Nadiah, Abdul Majid, Hazreen, Piernas, Carmen, Ramli, Ahmad Wazi, Naing, Nyi Nyi
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: London Nature Publishing Group UK 29.07.2022; Nature Publishing Group; Nature Portfolio
• Subjects: 692/4019; 692/699/75; 692/700/2814; Anthropometry; Cardiovascular disease; Cardiovascular diseases; Coronary artery disease; Diet; Dietary intake; Fast food; Fatty acids; Food intake; Food processing; Genetics; Heart diseases; Humanities and Social Sciences; Medical records; Metabolic disorders; Metabolic syndrome; multidisciplinary; Physical activity; Processed foods; Science; Science (multidisciplinary); Sodium; Vegetables
• ISSN: 2045-2322; 2045-2322
• DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17388-5

This study aimed to determine the association between dietary pattern (DP) and coronary heart disease (CHD) among high-risk adults as determined by metabolic syndrome (MetS) criteria in Malaysia. This cross-sectional study involved 365 participants with (CHD = 178; non-CHD = 187) who were recruited from selected health clinics. Dietary intake was measured using a 189-item semi-quantitative foods frequency questionnaire (FFQ) whilst anthropometry and clinical data were measured by trained researcher and biochemical data were obtained from medical records. The reduced rank regression (RRR) method was used to derive DPs scores and binary logistic regression was used to assess the associations between identified DPs and CHD. The main DP found in this study was characterised by “high saturated fatty acid (SFA), high dietary energy density (DED), high sodium”. This DP, which is attributed to high consumption of coconut-based dishes, fast foods and snacks, rice dishes, fat spread, seasoning sauces, salted and processed foods, and low intake of fruits, green leafy vegetables, white rice and other vegetables were associated with CHD (OR:1.32, 95% CI:1.03, 1.69) p value = 0.026 when, adjusted for age, sex, race, education level, household income, family history of CHD, marital status, smoking status, physical activity, stress level and BMI. This study suggests that individuals with a DP of high SFA, high DED, and high sodium have a significantly increased likelihood of having CHD compared to those who do not practice this DP.