The Choice of Baseline Period Influences the Assessments of the Outcomes of Stratospheric Aerosol Injection

• Published in: Earth's future Vol. 11; no. 8
• Main Authors: Visioni, D., Bednarz, E. M., MacMartin, D. G., Kravitz, B., Goddard, P. B.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Bognor Regis John Wiley & Sons, Inc 01.08.2023; Wiley
• Subjects: Aerosols; Algorithms; Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC); Carbon dioxide removal; Climate change; climate impacts; climate intervention; Cooling; Emission analysis; Emissions; Global warming; Greenhouse effect; Greenhouse gases; Injection; Mean precipitation; Ozone; Paris Agreement; Simulation; SRM; Stratosphere; stratospheric aerosols; Surface cooling; Temperature
• ISSN: 2328-4277; 2328-4277
• DOI: 10.1029/2023EF003851

The specifics of the simulated injection choices in the case of stratospheric aerosol injections (SAI) are part of the crucial context necessary for meaningfully discussing the impacts that a deployment of SAI would have on the planet. One of the main choices is the desired amount of cooling that the injections are aiming to achieve. Previous SAI simulations have usually either simulated a fixed amount of injection, resulting in a fixed amount of warming being offset, or have specified one target temperature, so that the amount of cooling is only dependent on the underlying trajectory of greenhouse gases. Here, we use three sets of SAI simulations achieving different amounts of global mean surface cooling while following a middle‐of‐the‐road greenhouse gas emission trajectory: one SAI scenario maintains temperatures at 1.5°C above preindustrial levels (PI), and two other scenarios which achieve additional cooling to 1.0°C and 0.5°C above PI. We demonstrate that various surface impacts scale proportionally with respect to the amount of cooling, such as global mean precipitation changes, changes to the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation and to the Walker Cell. We also highlight the importance of the choice of the baseline period when comparing the SAI responses to one another and to the greenhouse gas emission pathway. This analysis leads to policy‐relevant discussions around the concept of a reference period altogether, and to what constitutes a relevant, or significant, change produced by SAI. Plain Language Summary By adding CO2 to the atmosphere, the planet warms. As the primary energy input to the system is the Sun, you can try to balance this warming by slightly reducing the incoming sunlight, for example, by adding tiny reflecting particles to the atmosphere (aerosols). This cooling will not perfectly cancel the warming from CO2 due to different physical mechanisms. Understanding how the resulting climate from both effects changes requires a comparison with a “base” state: but there isn’t one single choice, something which is made even more clear once one considers multiple amounts of cooling one could do. There isn’t only one option as one could decide to just prevent future warming (or some of it), or also try to cancel warming that already happened. Here we explore how the projected outcomes can depend on the base state one selects and which change are linear with the amount of cooling achieved. Key Points We analyze results from a set of simulations considering various amounts of cooling using stratospheric aerosols Many of the climatic responses at the surface can be considered linearly related to the amount of cooling The choice of the specific baseline period influences the analyses of these results