The depth of the implant mucosal tunnel modifies the development and resolution of experimental peri‐implant mucositis: A case–control study

• Published in: Journal of clinical periodontology Vol. 46; no. 2; pp. 248 - 255
• Main Authors: Chan, Dave, Pelekos, George, Ho, Dominic, Cortellini, Pierpaolo, Tonetti, Maurizio S.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01.02.2019; John Wiley and Sons Inc
• Subjects: Case-Control Studies; case–control study; Dental crowns; dental implant; Dental Implants; Dental prosthetics; Epidemiology(Cohort Study or Case‐control Study); experimental gingivitis; Gingival index; Humans; Implant Therapy; Implants; Mucosa; Mucositis; mucositis prevention; Oral hygiene; Peri-Implantitis; peri‐implant mucositis; peri‐implantitis prevention; Plaque index; Stomatitis; transmucosal implant; Transplants & implants; mucositis prevention; transmucosal implant; peri-implant mucositis; peri-implantitis prevention; case-control study; dental implant; experimental gingivitis
• ISSN: 0303-6979; 1600-051X; 1600-051X
• DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.13066

Background Resolution and prevention of peri‐implant mucositis are a key in preventing peri‐implantitis. This case–control study aims to assess the modifying effect of a deep mucosal tunnel (DMT) on the induction and resolution phases of experimental peri‐implant mucositis. Methods Nineteen subjects with a tissue level implant were assigned to cases (DMT, depth ≥3 mm) or controls (shallow mucosal tunnel ≤1 mm, SMT). Subjects underwent a standard experimental peri‐implant mucositis protocol characterized by an oral hygiene optimization phase, a 3‐week induction phase using an acrylic stent to prevent self‐performed oral hygiene at the experimental implant, and a 3 + 2 weeks resolution phase. Modified plaque (mPI), gingival index (mGI) and peri‐implant sulcus fluid IL‐1β concentrations were measured over time. Differences between DMT and SMT were assessed with the Mann–Whitney test. Results Modified plaque index and mGI increased in parallel during the induction phase. After resumption of oral hygiene practice, mPI and mGI resolved towards baseline values in the SMT group. In DMT, mPI and mGI values diverged: plaque resolved but resolution of inflammation was delayed and of smaller magnitude during the first 3 weeks after resumption of oral hygiene. IL‐1β concentrations were significantly higher in DMT at 21 days (end of induction) and during the resolution phase corroborating the clinical findings. Removal of the crown and submucosal professional cleaning were needed to revert mGI to baseline values in DMT implants. Conclusions The depth of the mucosal tunnel modifies the resolution of experimental peri‐implant mucositis at transmucosal implants. This observation raises important questions on the effectiveness of self‐performed oral hygiene in cases where implants are placed deeper and the ability to resolve mucositis and effectively prevent peri‐implantitis in such situations.