Environmental risk assessment of musk ketone and musk xylene in the Netherlands in accordance with the EU-TGD

• Published in: Chemosphere (Oxford) Vol. 35; no. 12; pp. 2973 - 3002
• Main Authors: Tas, J.W., Balk, F., Ford, R.A., van de Plassche, E.J.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Oxford Elsevier Ltd 01.12.1997; Elsevier
• Subjects: Animal, plant and microbial ecology; Animals; Applied ecology; Applied sciences; Biodegradation, Environmental; Biological and medical sciences; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry, Physical; Ecotoxicology, biological effects of pollution; Environmental Monitoring; Environmental Pollutants - analysis; Environmental Pollutants - metabolism; Environmental Pollutants - toxicity; Exact sciences and technology; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology; General aspects; Global environmental pollution; Netherlands; Perfume; Pollution; Risk Assessment; Water Pollutants, Chemical - analysis; Water Pollutants, Chemical - metabolism; Water Pollutants, Chemical - toxicity; Xylenes - chemistry; Xylenes - metabolism; Xylenes - toxicity; Perfume industry; Ecotoxicology; Industrial waste water; Environment impact; Water pollution; Risk analysis; Soil pollution
• ISSN: 0045-6535; 1879-1298
• DOI: 10.1016/S0045-6535(97)00261-0

An environmental risk assessment has been carried out for musk ketone and musk xylene according to the EU Technical Guidance Document for Environmental Risk Assessment for New and Existing Substances [1]. Musk ketone and musk xylene are used in fragrances for cosmetics and household products. For the fragrance industry these are important fragrance ingredients because of their excellent substantivity as well as for their unique smell, which determines largely the odor of a product. The initial environmental risk assessment is based on information provided by the fragrance industry as represented in the Netherlands by its association NEA, by the Research Institute for Fragrance Materials (RIFM) and data reported in the international open literature. The risk assessment includes an evaluation of the risks for aquatic organisms in surface water and sediment and for soil organisms in soil after application of sewage sludge. Secondary poisoning of fish-eating birds and mammals is considered as well. For each compartment the Predicted Environmental Concentration (PEC) is compared to the Predicted No Effect Concentration (PNEC) to obtain PEC/PNEC ratios. Since monitoring data are available in water, sediment and fish, similar ratios are obtained with measured concentrations instead of the predicted ones. For both substances, PEC/PNEC ratios are at or below 0.1 for organisms in the aquatic environment, including sediment organisms. PEC/PNEC ratios for fish-eating predators are 0.01. Ratios based on monitoring data are below 0.01 for all of these organisms. For soil organisms the PEC/PNEC ratio is 0.5 for musk ketone and 1.3 for musk xylene. Although in the Netherlands (as well as in some other European countries), sewage sludge presently finds no application as fertilizer on agricultural soil, the aim of environmental policy is to upgrade the sludge quality to enable future applications on agricultural and grassland. The reliability of the predicted soil concentrations can be greatly improved by obtaining experimental data on fate and behaviour of musk ketone and musk xylene in digested sludge and soil. The risk assessment provides reassurance for the aquatic compartment while pointing the way for obtaining aditional data for the soil compartment.