Hyaluronan: Biosynthesis and signaling

• Published in: Biochimica et biophysica acta Vol. 1840; no. 8; pp. 2452 - 2459
• Main Authors: Vigetti, Davide, Karousou, Eugenia, Viola, Manuela, Deleonibus, Sara, De Luca, Giancarlo, Passi, Alberto
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Netherlands Elsevier B.V 01.08.2014
• Subjects: AMPK; Animals; bioactive properties; biosynthesis; Biosynthetic Pathways; enzyme activity; Extracellular matrix; Glycosaminoglycan; Humans; Hyaluronan receptor; Hyaluronan Receptors - chemistry; Hyaluronan Receptors - metabolism; hyaluronic acid; Hyaluronic Acid - biosynthesis; Hyaluronic Acid - chemistry; mechanical properties; O-GlcNacylation; polymers; receptors; Signal Transduction; Glycosaminoglycan; Extracellular matrix; AMPK; O-GlcNacylation; Hyaluronan receptor
• ISSN: 0304-4165; 0006-3002; 1872-8006
• DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.02.001

Hyaluronan is a critical component of extracellular matrix with several different roles. Besides the contribution to the tissue hydration, mechanical properties and correct architecture, hyaluronan plays important biological functions interacting with different molecules and receptors. The review addresses the control of hyaluronan synthesis highlighting the critical role of hyaluronan synthase 2 in this context as well as discussing the recent findings related to covalent modifications which influence the enzyme activity. Moreover, the interactions with specific receptors and hyaluronan are described focusing on the importance of polymer size in the modulation of hyaluronan signaling. Due to its biological effects on cells recently described, it is evident how hyaluronan is to be considered not only a passive component of extracellular matrix but also an actor involved in several scenarios of cell behavior. The effects of metabolism on the control of hyaluronan synthesis both in healthy and pathologic conditions are critical and still not completely understood. The hyaluronan capacity to bind several receptors triggering specific pathways may represent a valid target for new approach in several therapeutic strategies. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Matrix-mediated cell behaviour and properties. •Hyaluronan synthesis is a highly regulated process.•Among the hyaluronan synthases only HAS2 is the enzyme covalently regulated.•The hyaluronan size is important for its signaling.•Besides the structural functions hyaluronan shows several biological functions.