Evidence of the Involvement of a Cyclase Gene in the Biosynthesis of Ochratoxin A in Aspergillus carbonarius

• Published in: Toxins Vol. 13; no. 12; p. 892
• Main Authors: Ferrara, Massimo, Gallo, Antonia, Cervini, Carla, Gambacorta, Lucia, Solfrizzo, Michele, Baker, Scott E, Perrone, Giancarlo
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 13.12.2021; MDPI
• Subjects: Antibiotics; Aspergillus - chemistry; Aspergillus - genetics; BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES; Biosynthesis; biosynthetic cluster; Biosynthetic Pathways - genetics; Comparative analysis; CRISPR; CRISPR/Cas9; Fungi; Gene clusters; Gene deletion; Gene expression; Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal; Gene sequencing; Genes; Genes, Fungal; Genetic Variation; Genome, Fungal; Genomes; Genotype; Metabolites; Mycotoxins; Ochratoxin A; Ochratoxins - biosynthesis; OTA; polyketide cyclases; Proteins; Secondary Metabolism - genetics; Secondary metabolites; SnoaL domain; Synteny; biosynthetic cluster; CRISPR/Cas9; OTA; SnoaL domain; polyketide cyclases
• ISSN: 2072-6651; 2072-6651
• DOI: 10.3390/toxins13120892

Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a well-known mycotoxin with wide distribution in food and feed. Fungal genome sequencing has great utility for identifying secondary metabolites gene clusters for known and novel compounds. A comparative analysis of the OTA-biosynthetic cluster in , and has revealed a high synteny in OTA cluster organization in five structural genes ( , , , and ). Moreover, a recent detailed comparative genome analysis of Aspergilli OTA producers led to the identification of a cyclase gene, , located in the OTA cluster between the and genes, encoding for a predicted protein with high similarity to SnoaLs domain. These proteins have been shown to catalyze ring closure steps in the biosynthesis of polyketide antibiotics produced in . In the present study, we demonstrated an upregulation of the cyclase gene in under OTA permissive conditions, consistent with the expression trends of the other OTA cluster genes and their role in OTA biosynthesis by complete gene deletion. Our results pointed out the involvement of a cyclase gene in OTA biosynthetic pathway for the first time. They represent a step forward in the understanding of the molecular basis of OTA biosynthesis in .