Impact of short-chain galactooligosaccharides on the gut microbiome of lactose-intolerant individuals

Directed modulation of the colonic bacteria to metabolize lactose effectively is a potentially useful approach to improve lactose digestion and tolerance. A randomized, double-blind, multisite placebo-controlled trial conducted in human subjects demonstrated that administration of a highly purified...

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Published inProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS Vol. 114; no. 3; pp. E367 - E375
Main Authors Azcarate-Peril, M. Andrea, Ritter, Andrew J., Savaiano, Dennis, Monteagudo-Mera, Andrea, Anderson, Carlton, Magness, Scott T., Klaenhammer, Todd R.
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published United States National Academy of Sciences 17.01.2017
SeriesPNAS Plus
Subjects
Bacteria
Biological Sciences
Clinical outcomes
Dairy products
Human subjects
PNAS Plus
Relative abundance
Ribonucleic acid
RNA
lactose intolerance
GOS
prebiotic
microbiome
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Summary:Directed modulation of the colonic bacteria to metabolize lactose effectively is a potentially useful approach to improve lactose digestion and tolerance. A randomized, double-blind, multisite placebo-controlled trial conducted in human subjects demonstrated that administration of a highly purified (>95%) short-chain galactooligosaccharide (GOS), designated “RP-G28,” significantly improved clinical outcomes for lactose digestion and tolerance. In these individuals, stool samples were collected pretreatment (day 0), after GOS treatment (day 36), and 30 d after GOS feeding stopped and consumption of dairy products was encouraged (day 66). In this study, changes in the fecal microbiome were investigated using 16S rRNA amplicon pyrosequencing and high-throughput quantitative PCR. At day 36, bifidobacterial populations were increased in 27 of 30 of GOS subjects (90%), demonstrating a bifidogenic response in vivo. Relative abundance of lactose-fermenting Bifidobacterium, Faecalibacterium, and Lactobacillus were significantly increased in response to GOS. When dairy was introduced into the diet, lactose-fermenting Roseburia species increased from day 36 to day 66. The results indicated a definitive change in the fecal microbiome of lactose-intolerant individuals, increasing the abundance of lactose-metabolizing bacteria that were responsive to dietary adaptation to GOS. This change correlated with clinical outcomes of improved lactose tolerance.
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1Present address: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514.
Author contributions: M.A.A.-P., A.J.R., D.S., and T.R.K. designed research; M.A.A.-P., A.J.R., D.S., A.M.-M., C.A., and T.R.K. performed research; M.A.A.-P., S.T.M., and T.R.K. contributed new reagents/analytic tools; M.A.A.-P., A.J.R., and T.R.K. analyzed data; and M.A.A.-P., A.J.R., D.S., and T.R.K. wrote the paper.
Edited by Ralph R. Isberg, Howard Hughes Medical Institute/Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, and approved November 30, 2016 (received for review May 6, 2016)
ISSN:0027-8424
1091-6490
1091-6490
DOI:10.1073/pnas.1606722113