Tissue distribution and urinary excretion of inorganic arsenic and its methylated metabolites in C57BL6 mice following subchronic exposure to arsenate in drinking water

• Published in: Toxicology and applied pharmacology Vol. 232; no. 3; pp. 448 - 455
• Main Authors: Kenyon, E.M., Hughes, M.F., Adair, B.M., Highfill, J.H., Crecelius, E.A., Clewell, H.J., Yager, J.W.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: San Diego, CA Elsevier Inc 01.11.2008; Elsevier
• Subjects: 60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES; Animals; Arsenate; ARSENATES; Arsenates - pharmacokinetics; ARSENIC; Arsenic - urine; Arsenic pharmacokinetics; Arsenicals - urine; Biological and medical sciences; BLADDER; BLOOD; Cacodylic Acid - analogs & derivatives; Cacodylic Acid - urine; Carcinogenesis, carcinogens and anticarcinogens; Chemical agents; Chemical and industrial products toxicology. Toxic occupational diseases; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; DOSIMETRY; DRINKING WATER; EXCRETION; Female; KIDNEYS; LIVER; LUNGS; Medical sciences; METABOLISM; METABOLITES; Metals and various inorganic compounds; MICE; Mice, Inbred C57BL; OXIDES; SKIN; Subchronic drinking water exposure; TISSUE DISTRIBUTION; TOXICITY; Toxicology; Tumors; Arsenic pharmacokinetics; Mice; Subchronic drinking water exposure; Arsenate; Urine; Drinking water; Excretion; Subchronic; Arsenic; Arsenates; Metabolite; Rodentia; Arsenic compound; Exposure; Carcinogen; Tissue; Vertebrata; Mammalia; Mouse; Animal; Distribution; Methylation; Pharmacokinetics
• ISSN: 0041-008X; 1096-0333
• DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2008.07.018

The relationship of exposure and tissue concentration of parent chemical and metabolites over prolonged exposure is a critical issue for chronic toxicities mediated by metabolite(s) rather than parent chemical alone. This is an issue for As V because its trivalent metabolites have unique toxicities and relatively greater potency compared to their pentavalent counterparts for many endpoints. In this study, dose-dependency in tissue distribution and urinary excretion for inorganic arsenic and its methylated metabolites was assessed in female C57Bl/6 mice exposed to 0, 0.5, 2, 10 or 50 ppm arsenic (as arsenate, As V) in their drinking water for 12 weeks. No adverse effects were observed and body weight gain did not differ significantly among groups. Urinary excretion of arsenite monomethylarsonous acid (MMA III), dimethylarsinous acid (DMA III), dimethylarsinic acid (DMA V), and trimethylarsine oxide (TMAO) increased linearly with dose, whereas As V and monomethylarsonic acid (MMA V) excretion was non-linear with respect to dose. Total tissue arsenic accumulation was greatest in kidney > lung > urinary bladder ⋙ skin > blood > liver. Monomethyl arsenic (MMA, i.e. MMA III + MMA V) was the predominant metabolite in kidney, whereas dimethylarsenic (DMA, i.e., DMA III + DMA V) was the predominant metabolite in lung. Urinary bladder tissue had roughly equivalent levels of inorganic arsenic and dimethylarsenic, as did skin. These data indicate that pharmacokinetic models for arsenic metabolism and disposition need to include mechanisms for organ-specific accumulation of some arsenicals and that urinary metabolite profiles are not necessarily reflective of target tissue dosimetry.