Regulating the Regulators: Recent Revelations in the Control of E3 Ubiquitin Ligases

Since its discovery as a post-translational signal for protein degradation, our understanding of ubiquitin (Ub) has vastly evolved. Today, we recognize that the role of Ub signaling is expansive and encompasses diverse processes including cell division, the DNA damage response, cellular immune signa...

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Published inThe Journal of biological chemistry Vol. 290; no. 35; pp. 21244 - 21251
Main Authors Vittal, Vinayak, Stewart, Mikaela D., Brzovic, Peter S., Klevit, Rachel E.
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published United States Elsevier Inc 28.08.2015
American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Subjects
Animals
cullin
Cullin Proteins - metabolism
E3 ubiquitin ligase
HECT
Humans
Minireviews
Models, Molecular
parkin
RING
ubiquitin
Ubiquitin - metabolism
ubiquitin ligase
ubiquitin regulation
Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases - chemistry
Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases - metabolism
Ubiquitination
ubiquitylation (ubiquitination)
ubiquitin ligase
ubiquitylation (ubiquitination)
parkin
cullin
RING
E3 ubiquitin ligase
ubiquitin regulation
ubiquitin
HECT
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Summary:Since its discovery as a post-translational signal for protein degradation, our understanding of ubiquitin (Ub) has vastly evolved. Today, we recognize that the role of Ub signaling is expansive and encompasses diverse processes including cell division, the DNA damage response, cellular immune signaling, and even organismal development. With such a wide range of functions comes a wide range of regulatory mechanisms that control the activity of the ubiquitylation machinery. Ub attachment to substrates occurs through the sequential action of three classes of enzymes, E1s, E2s, and E3s. In humans, there are 2 E1s, ∼35 E2s, and hundreds of E3s that work to attach Ub to thousands of cellular substrates. Regulation of ubiquitylation can occur at each stage of the stepwise Ub transfer process, and substrates can also impact their own modification. Recent studies have revealed elegant mechanisms that have evolved to control the activity of the enzymes involved. In this minireview, we highlight recent discoveries that define some of the various mechanisms by which the activities of E3-Ub ligases are regulated.
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Both authors contributed equally to this work.
ISSN:0021-9258
1083-351X
DOI:10.1074/jbc.R115.675165