Expression of ABCA4 in the retinal pigment epithelium and its implications for Stargardt macular degeneration

• Published in: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS Vol. 115; no. 47; pp. E11120 - E11127
• Main Authors: Lenis, Tamara L., Hu, Jane, Ng, Sze Yin, Jiang, Zhichun, Sarfare, Shanta, Lloyd, Marcia B., Esposito, Nicholas J., Samuel, William, Jaworski, Cynthia, Bok, Dean, Finnemann, Silvia C., Radeke, Monte J., Redmond, T. Michael, Travis, Gabriel H., Radu, Roxana A.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States National Academy of Sciences 20.11.2018
• Series: PNAS Plus
• Subjects: Animals; ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters - biosynthesis; ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters - genetics; Biological Sciences; Blindness; c-Mer Tyrosine Kinase - genetics; Cells, Cultured; Disease Models, Animal; Epithelium; Gene sequencing; Genetic modification; Hybridization analysis; Immunoblotting; Immunofluorescence; Lipofuscin - metabolism; Lysosomes - metabolism; Macular degeneration; Macular Degeneration - congenital; Macular Degeneration - genetics; Macular Degeneration - pathology; Membranes; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Mice, Knockout; mRNA; Mutation; Pathogenesis; Phagocytosis; Phagocytosis - immunology; Phosphatidylethanolamine; Photoreception; Photoreceptor Cells - metabolism; Photoreceptors; PNAS Plus; Protein expression; Proteins; Proteolysis; Retina; Retina - pathology; Retinal degeneration; Retinal Degeneration - pathology; Retinal pigment epithelium; Retinal Pigment Epithelium - metabolism; Retinaldehyde; Retinaldehyde - metabolism; Rhodopsin; Rhodopsin - metabolism; Ribonucleic acid; RNA; Stargardt Disease; lipofuscin; bisretinoid; Stargardt disease; retinal pigment epithelium; ABCA4
• ISSN: 0027-8424; 1091-6490
• DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1802519115

Recessive Stargardt disease (STGD1) is an inherited blinding disorder caused by mutations in the Abca4 gene. ABCA4 is a flippase in photoreceptor outer segments (OS) that translocates retinaldehyde conjugated to phosphatidylethanolamine across OS disc membranes. Loss of ABCA4 in Abca4 −/− mice and STGD1 patients causes buildup of lipofuscin in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and degeneration of photoreceptors, leading to blindness. No effective treatment currently exists for STGD1. Here we show by several approaches that ABCA4 is additionally expressed in RPE cells. (i) By in situ hybridization analysis and by RNA-sequencing analysis, we show the Abca4 mRNA is expressed in human and mouse RPE cells. (ii) By quantitative immunoblotting, we show that the level of ABCA4 protein in homogenates of wild-type mouse RPE is about 1% of the level in neural retina homogenates. (iii) ABCA4 immunofluorescence is present in RPE cells of wild-type and Mertk −/− but not Abca4 −/− mouse retina sections, where it colocalizes with endolysosomal proteins. To elucidate the role of ABCA4 in RPE cells, we generated a line of genetically modified mice that express ABCA4 in RPE cells but not in photoreceptors. Mice from this line on the Abca4 −/− background showed partial rescue of photoreceptor degeneration and decreased lipofuscin accumulation compared with nontransgenic Abca4 −/− mice. We propose that ABCA4 functions to recycle retinaldehyde released during proteolysis of rhodopsin in RPE endolysosomes following daily phagocytosis of distal photoreceptor OS. ABCA4 deficiency in the RPE may play a role in the pathogenesis of STGD1.