The Tripartite Lichen Ricasolia virens : Involvement of Cyanobacteria and Bacteria in Its Morphogenesis

• Published in: Microorganisms (Basel) Vol. 11; no. 6; p. 1517
• Main Authors: García-Breijo, Francisco J, Molins, Arantzazu, Reig-Armiñana, José, Barreno, Eva
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 07.06.2023; MDPI
• Subjects: Algae; Aquatic microorganisms; Bacteria; Cephalodia; Cyanobacteria; endangered lichens; Eutrophication; Hyphae; Lichens; Low temperature; Microalgae; Morphogenesis; non-photosynthetical bacteria; Nostoc; Ontogeny; Pycnidia; Scanning microscopy; Symbiochloris; Symbionts; TEM; Thalli; Thallus; Ultrastructure; Germany; Spain; endangered lichens; tripartite lichen; Symbiochloris; Nostoc; cephalodia; TEM; non-photosynthetical bacteria
• ISSN: 2076-2607; 2076-2607
• DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11061517

is an epiphytic lichen-forming fungus mainly distributed in Western Europe and Macaronesia in well-structured forests with ecological continuity that lack eutrophication. It is considered to be threatened or extinct in many territories in Europe (IUCN). Despite its biological and ecological relevance, studies on this taxon are scarce. The thalli are tripartite, and the mycobiont has a simultaneous symbiotic relationship with cyanobacteria and green microalgae, which represent interesting models to analyse the strategies and adaptations resulting from the interactions of lichen symbionts. The present study was designed to contribute to a better understanding of this taxon, which has shown a clear decline over the last century. The symbionts were identified by molecular analysis. The phycobiont is and the cyanobionts ( ) are embedded in internal cephalodia. Light, transmission electron and low-temperature scanning microscopy techniques were used to investigate the thallus anatomy, ultrastructure of microalgae and ontogeny of pycnidia and cephalodia. The thalli are very similar to its closest relative, . The cellular ultrastructure of by TEM is provided. Non-photosynthetic bacteria located outside the upper cortex are introduced through migratory channels into the subcortical zone by the splitting of fungal hyphae. Cephalodia were very abundant, but never as external photosymbiodemes.