Insulative capacity of the integument of the dugong (Dugong dugon): thermal conductivity, conductance and resistance measured by in vitro heat flux

• Published in: Marine biology Vol. 161; no. 6; pp. 1395 - 1407
• Main Authors: Horgan, Patrick, Booth, David, Nichols, Cassandra, Lanyon, Janet M
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Berlin/Heidelberg Springer-Verlag 01.06.2014; Springer Berlin Heidelberg; Springer; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Animal and plant ecology; Animal, plant and microbial ecology; Aquatic mammals; Biological and medical sciences; Biomedical and Life Sciences; blubber; Body size; Cetacea; Chemical properties; dermis; dolphins; Dugong; Dugong dugon; Dugong dugong; Dugongs; Epidermis; Freshwater & Marine Ecology; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology; Heat tolerance (Biology); heat transfer; Hypodermis; Insulation; integument; Life Sciences; lipid content; Mammalia; Marine; Marine & Freshwater Sciences; Marine biology; Marine mammals; meat carcasses; metabolism; Microbiology; Oceanography; Original Paper; Physical properties; Physiological aspects; Sea water ecosystems; Synecology; temperature; Thermal conductivity; Thermal properties; Trichechus manatus latirostris; Vertebrates: general zoology, morphology, phylogeny, systematics, cytogenetics, geographical distribution; Zoology; Florida; ISEW, Australia, Queensland, Moreton Bay; USA, Florida; Harbor Porpoise; High Lipid Content; Body Condition; Marine Mammal; Lipid Content; Temperature; Vertebrata; Heat; Tegument; Mammalia; Sensitivity resistance; Sirenia; Environmental factor; Thermal conductivity; Thermal conductance; In vitro
• ISSN: 0025-3162; 1432-1793
• DOI: 10.1007/s00227-014-2428-4

Extant sirenians are restricted to warm waters, presumably due to their low metabolism and poor thermoregulatory capacity, including thin blubber. When subjected to winter waters, Florida manatees (Trichechus manatus latirostris) migrate to warm areas, but dugongs (Dugong dugon) do not and instead live year-round in winter waters as cool as 15–18 °C. Dugongs appear to be more active than manatees and may have higher metabolic rates, but little is known about thermal energetics or the insulative properties of their integument. This study investigated the physical and thermal properties of whole samples of dugong integument, i.e. epidermis, dermis and hypodermis (blubber) sampled from fresh dugong carcasses collected from 2004 to 2012 in Moreton Bay (27.21°S, 153.25°E). Physico-chemical properties (thickness, density and lipid content) of each component tissue layer were measured. Thermal conductance (C) and conductivity (k) were measured for each tissue layer through in vitro temperature flux experiments within an insulated chamber. C and k were higher for dermis (25.7 ± 1.2 W m⁻² K⁻¹, 0.43 ± 0.02 W m⁻¹ K⁻¹, respectively, n = 21) than blubber (24.3 ± 2.4 W m⁻² K⁻¹, 0.31 ± 0.01 W m⁻¹ K⁻¹, n = 21), suggesting that blubber, with higher density and lipid content, affords better insulation. However, because the dermis contributes 65 % of integumentary thickness, both layers contribute significantly to insulation. The integument of dugongs is a poorer insulator compared to many cold-water marine mammals, but the greater thickness of its dermal layer means that despite its relatively thin blubber, its integumentary insulation is similar to warm-water dolphins of similar body size.