Production of high‐quality SARS‐CoV‐2 antigens: Impact of bioprocess and storage on glycosylation, biophysical attributes, and ELISA serologic tests performance

• Published in: Biotechnology and Bioengineering Vol. 118; no. 6; pp. 2202 - 2219
• Main Authors: Castro, Rute, Nobre, Lígia S., Eleutério, Rute P., Thomaz, Mónica, Pires, António, Monteiro, Sandra M., Mendes, Sónia, Gomes, Ricardo A., Clemente, João J., Sousa, Marcos F. Q., Pinto, Filipe, Silva, Ana C., Freitas, Micael C., Lemos, Ana R., Akpogheneta, Onome, Kosack, Lindsay, Bergman, Marie‐Louise, Duarte, Nadia, Matoso, Paula, Costa, Júlia, Bandeiras, Tiago M., Gomes‐Alves, Patricia, Gonçalves, Carlos P., Demengeot, Jocelyne, Alves, Paula M.
• Format: Journal Article Web Resource
• Language: English
• Published: United States John Wiley & Sons, Inc 01.06.2021; Wiley Subscription Services, Inc; John Wiley and Sons Inc
• Subjects: ACE2; Angiotensin; Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2; Antigens; Assaying; bioprocess; Bioprocessing; Cell culture; COVID-19; Drug development; ELISA; Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; Enzymes; Glycosylation; Peptidyl-dipeptidase A; production and purification; Proteins; Quality management; RBD; Receptors; SARS‐CoV‐2; Sensitivity analysis; serologic assay; Serology; Severe acute respiratory syndrome; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; Shelf life; Spike; Spike protein; Storage conditions; Thermal stability; thermal stability during storage; Viruses; Yield; COVID-19; Spike; production and purification; serologic assay; SARS-CoV-2; RBD; bioprocess; glycosylation; thermal stability during storage; ELISA
• ISSN: 0006-3592; 1097-0290
• DOI: 10.1002/bit.27725

Serological assays are valuable tools to study SARS‐CoV‐2 spread and, importantly, to identify individuals that were already infected and would be potentially immune to a virus reinfection. SARS‐CoV‐2 Spike protein and its receptor binding domain (RBD) are the antigens with higher potential to develop SARS‐CoV‐2 serological assays. Moreover, structural studies of these antigens are key to understand the molecular basis for Spike interaction with angiotensin converting enzyme 2 receptor, hopefully enabling the development of COVID‐19 therapeutics. Thus, it is urgent that significant amounts of this protein became available at the highest quality. In this study, we produced Spike and RBD in two human derived cell hosts: HEK293‐E6 and Expi293F™. We evaluated the impact of different and scalable bioprocessing approaches on Spike and RBD production yields and, more importantly, on these antigens' quality attributes. Using negative and positive sera collected from human donors, we show an excellent performance of the produced antigens, assessed in serologic enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests, as denoted by the high specificity and sensitivity of the test. We show robust Spike productions with final yields of approx. 2 mg/L of culture that were maintained independently of the production scale or cell culture strategy. To the best of our knowledge, the final yield of 90 mg/L of culture obtained for RBD production, was the highest reported to date. An in‐depth characterization of SARS‐CoV‐2 Spike and RBD proteins was performed, namely the antigen's oligomeric state, glycosylation profiles, and thermal stability during storage. The correlation of these quality attributes with ELISA performance show equivalent reactivity to SARS‐CoV‐2 positive serum, for all Spike and RBD produced, and for all storage conditions tested. Overall, we provide straightforward protocols to produce high‐quality SARS‐CoV‐2 Spike and RBD antigens, that can be easily adapted to both academic and industrial settings; and integrate, for the first time, studies on the impact of bioprocess with an in‐depth characterization of these proteins, correlating antigen's glycosylation and biophysical attributes to performance of COVID‐19 serologic tests. Spike and RBD were produced in human derived cells hosts. Shake flasks, stirred tank and wave bioreactors were compared. The impact of these different scalable bioprocessing approaches on Spike and RBD production yields and quality attributes was evaluated. An in‐depth characterization of SARS‐CoV‐2 Spike and RBD proteins was performed, namely the antigen s oligomeric state, glycosylation profiles and thermal stability during storage. The correlation of these quality attributes with ELISA performance is discussed.