Role of crosstalk between interleukin-6 and transforming growth factor-beta 1 in epithelial–mesenchymal transition and chemoresistance in biliary tract cancer

• Published in: European journal of cancer (1990) Vol. 49; no. 7; pp. 1725 - 1740
• Main Authors: Yamada, Daisaku, Kobayashi, Shogo, Wada, Hiroshi, Kawamoto, Koichi, Marubashi, Shigeru, Eguchi, Hidetoshi, Ishii, Hideshi, Nagano, Hiroaki, Doki, Yuichiro, Mori, Masaki
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Kidlington Elsevier Ltd 01.05.2013; Elsevier
• Subjects: Aged; Biliary tract cancer; Biliary Tract Neoplasms - genetics; Biliary Tract Neoplasms - metabolism; Biliary Tract Neoplasms - pathology; Biological and medical sciences; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Survival - drug effects; Cell Survival - genetics; Chemoresistance; Crosstalk; Deoxycytidine - analogs & derivatives; Deoxycytidine - pharmacology; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm - drug effects; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm - genetics; Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition - genetics; Epithelial–mesenchymal transition; Female; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Hematology, Oncology and Palliative Medicine; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Inflammatory cytokine; Interleukin-6 - genetics; Interleukin-6 - metabolism; Male; Medical sciences; Middle Aged; Pharmacology. Drug treatments; Recombinant Proteins - pharmacology; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA Interference; Smad4 Protein - genetics; Smad4 Protein - metabolism; Transforming Growth Factor beta1 - genetics; Transforming Growth Factor beta1 - metabolism; Tumors; Epithelial–mesenchymal transition; Inflammatory cytokine; Biliary tract cancer; Crosstalk; Chemoresistance; Treatment resistance; Bile duct cancer; Cytokine; Epithelial―mesenchymal transition; Inflammation; Biliary tract disease; Cell transformation; Interleukin 6; Cancerology; Digestive diseases; Transforming growth factor β1; Epithelial mesenchymal transition
• ISSN: 0959-8049; 1879-0852
• DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2012.12.002

Abstract Aims The mechanisms of progression in biliary tract cancer (BTC) with inflammation, including epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), are not well understood. We focused on two inflammation-associated cytokines, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1), and investigated their expression and activity, as well as their relationship to key features of malignancy, in tumour samples from patients with BTC and in cultured BTC cells. Methods We employed five BTC cell lines (MzChA-1, gemcitabine-resistant MzChA-1, HuCCT-1, KMCH and CCLP-1) to evaluate IL-6/TGF-β1 expression, tumour cell invasion, EMT and chemoresistance to gemcitabine in the presence or absence of recombinant human (rh) IL-6 and TGF-β1. Possible pathways were evaluated with specific pathway inhibitors and small interfering RNA (siRNA). We also used 20 resected specimens from patients with BTC to verify the results in vitro. Results IL-6 and TGF-β1 expression was associated with features of malignancy such as EMT and chemoresistance in the four BTC cell lines. Addition of rh IL-6 and TGF-β1 increased endogenous IL-6 and TGF-β1 expression through crosstalk and induced cell invasion, EMT and chemoresistance. Smad4 functioned in this process in a dominant manner, and inhibition by SMAD4 siRNA reduced IL-6 and TGF-β1 expression, blocked invasion, and reversed EMT and chemoresistance in cells exposed to rh IL-6 and TGF-β1 and in gemcitabine-resistant cells. Immunohistochemistry in resected specimens revealed IL6, TGF-β1, N-cadherin and Smad4 staining at the invasion front. Conclusion Crosstalk between IL-6 and TGF-β1 is associated with malignant features, including EMT, and Smad4 works in a dominant manner to promote these features.