Multifunctional iron-biochar composites for the removal of potentially toxic elements, inherent cations, and hetero-chloride from hydraulic fracturing wastewater

• Published in: Environment international Vol. 124; pp. 521 - 532
• Main Authors: Sun, Yuqing, Yu, Iris K.M., Tsang, Daniel C.W., Cao, Xinde, Lin, Daohui, Wang, Linling, Graham, Nigel J.D., Alessi, Daniel S., Komárek, Michael, Ok, Yong Sik, Feng, Yujie, Li, Xiang-Dong
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Netherlands Elsevier Ltd 01.03.2019; Elsevier
• Subjects: arsenic; barium; calcium; cations; chromium; copper; crystal structure; Engineered biochar; ferric chloride; forestry; Fracturing wastewater treatment; furnaces; hydraulic fracturing; iron; magnesium; Metals/metalloids; Mineral-carbon composites; mixing; moieties; physicochemical properties; porosity; potassium; pyrolysis; sodium; sorbents; strontium; Sustainable remediation; total organic carbon; toxic substances; wastewater; wood; zinc; Mineral-carbon composites; Sustainable remediation; Engineered biochar; Metals/metalloids; Fracturing wastewater treatment
• ISSN: 0160-4120; 1873-6750; 1873-6750
• DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.01.047

This paper evaluates a novel sorbent for the removal of potentially toxic elements, inherent cations, and hetero-chloride from hydraulic fracturing wastewater (FWW). A series of iron-biochar (Fe-BC) composites with different Fe/BC impregnation mass ratios (0.5:1, 1:1, and 2:1) were prepared by mixing forestry wood waste-derived BC powder with an aqueous FeCl3 solution and subsequently pyrolyzing them at 1000 °C in a N2-purged tubular furnace. The porosity, surface morphology, crystalline structure, and interfacial chemical behavior of the Fe-BC composites were characterized, revealing that Fe chelated with CO bonds as COFe moieties on the BC surface, which were subsequently reduced to a CC bond and nanoscale zerovalent Fe (nZVI) during pyrolysis. The performance of the Fe-BC composites was evaluated for simultaneous removal of potentially toxic elements (Cu(II), Cr(VI), Zn(II), and As(V)), inherent cations (K, Na, Ca, Mg, Ba, and Sr), hetero-chloride (1,1,2-trichlorethane (1,1,2-TCA)), and total organic carbon (TOC) from high-salinity (233 g L−1 total dissolved solids (TDS)) model FWW. By elucidating the removal mechanisms of different contaminants, we demonstrated that Fe-BC (1:1) had an optimal reducing/charge-transfer reactivity owing to the homogenous distribution of nZVI with the highest Fe0/Fe2+ ratio. A lower Fe content in Fe-BC (0.5:1) resulted in a rapid exhaustion of Fe0, while a higher Fe content in Fe-BC (2:1) caused severe aggregation and oxidization of Fe0, contributing to its complexation/(co-)precipitation with Fe2+/Fe3+. All of the synthesized Fe-BC composites exhibited a high removal capacity for inherent cations (3.2–7.2 g g−1) in FWW through bridging with the CO bonds and cation-π interactions. Overall, this study illustrated the potential efficacy and mechanistic roles of Fe-BC composites for (pre-)treatment of high-salinity and complex FWW. [Display omitted] •Fe-BCs were successfully synthesized via one-step pyrolysis of FeCl3-pretreated BC.•Fe to BC impregnation ratio determines their structural and surface chemical behavior.•Multiple contaminants simultaneously removed from high-salinity FWW.•Fe-BCs have multi-functionality for adsorption, reduction, and complexation.