Phosphate Homeostasis in CKD: Report of a Scientific Symposium Sponsored by the National Kidney Foundation

• Published in: American journal of kidney diseases Vol. 62; no. 3; pp. 457 - 473
• Main Authors: Block, Geoffrey A., MD, Ix, Joachim H., MD, Ketteler, Markus, MD, Martin, Kevin J., MBBCh, Thadhani, Ravi I., MD, MPH, Tonelli, Marcello, MD, Wolf, Myles, MD, Jüppner, Harald, MD, Hruska, Keith, MD, Wheeler, David C., MD
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: New York, NY Elsevier Inc 01.09.2013; Elsevier
• Subjects: Biological and medical sciences; chronic kidney disease; chronic kidney disease–mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD); Clinical Trials as Topic - methods; Congresses as Topic; diet; food labeling; Foundations; Homeostasis - physiology; Humans; Kidneys; Medical sciences; Nephrology; Nephrology. Urinary tract diseases; Nephropathies. Renovascular diseases. Renal failure; Phosphate; Phosphates - metabolism; Renal failure; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic - diagnosis; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic - metabolism; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic - therapy; Research Report; Urinary system involvement in other diseases. Miscellaneous; chronic kidney disease; diet; food labeling; Phosphate; chronic kidney disease–mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD); Kidney disease; Phosphates; Nephrology; Urinary system disease; Nutrition; Report; Homeostasis; Chronic kidney disease; Minerals; chronic kidney disease―mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD); Kidney; Urology; Feeding; Osteoarticular system; Urinary system; Diet; Renal failure; Bone; Food
• ISSN: 0272-6386; 1523-6838
• DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2013.03.042

Chronic kidney disease (CKD)–mineral and bone disorder is associated with diverse metabolic and endocrine disturbances that ultimately may contribute to further loss of kidney function, bone demineralization, and fatal or nonfatal cardiovascular events. Recent insights into the pathophysiology of the events that unfold during the development of this disorder suggest that disturbances in phosphate metabolism are pivotal. The consequences of abnormal phosphate homeostasis are evident at estimated glomerular filtration rates <70 mL/min/1.73 m2 , long before serum phosphate levels increase. Healthy individuals with blood phosphate levels in the top quartile of the normal range have an increased risk of developing CKD, reaching end-stage renal disease, and experiencing cardiovascular events. Substantial public health consequences may be related to increased dietary phosphorus exposure from additives that contain phosphate in the food supply and from modest increases in serum phosphate levels; however, it remains to be established whether interventions aimed at these targets can impact on the development of adverse clinical outcomes. Current approaches involving dietary intervention and intestinal phosphate binders are based on principles and assumptions that need to be examined more rigorously. Compelling animal, observational, and clinical data indicate that interventions directed at lowering phosphate exposure and serum phosphate levels should be subject to rigorous clinical trials that use appropriate placebo comparators and focus on key clinical outcomes, such as cardiovascular events, progression of CKD, fractures, quality of life, and mortality.