Combining Longitudinal Data From Different Cohorts to Examine the Life-Course Trajectory

• Published in: American journal of epidemiology Vol. 190; no. 12; pp. 2680 - 2689
• Main Authors: Hughes, Rachael A, Tilling, Kate, Lawlor, Deborah A
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Oxford University Press 01.12.2021; Oxford Publishing Limited (England)
• Subjects: Adolescent; Age Distribution; Aging - physiology; Body-Weight Trajectory; Breastfeeding & lactation; Child; Child, Preschool; Cohort analysis; Data Interpretation, Statistical; Female; Humans; Infant; Life Change Events; Life span; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Missing data; Practice of Epidemiology; Prospective Studies; Republic of Belarus; Sociodemographic Factors; United Kingdom; Within-subjects design; Young Adult; Republic of Belarus; United Kingdom; Christ’s Hospital School Study; Barry Caerphilly Growth Study; Born in Bradford Study; Promotion of Breastfeeding Intervention Trial; Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children; mixed-effects models; life course; repeated measures
• ISSN: 0002-9262; 1476-6256; 1476-6256
• DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwab190

Longitudinal data are necessary to reveal changes within an individual as he or she ages. However, rarely will a single cohort study capture data throughout a person’s entire life span. Here we describe in detail the steps needed to develop life-course trajectories from cohort studies that cover different and overlapping periods of life. Such independent studies are probably from heterogenous populations, which raises several challenges, including: 1) data harmonization (deriving new harmonized variables from differently measured variables by identifying common elements across all studies); 2) systematically missing data (variables not measured are missing for all participants in a cohort); and 3) model selection with differing age ranges and measurement schedules. We illustrate how to overcome these challenges using an example which examines the associations of parental education, sex, and race/ethnicity with children’s weight trajectories. Data were obtained from 5 prospective cohort studies (carried out in Belarus and 4 regions of the United Kingdom) spanning data collected from birth to early adulthood during differing calendar periods (1936–1964, 1972–1979, 1990–2012, 1996–2016, and 2007–2015). Key strengths of our approach include modeling of trajectories over wide age ranges, sharing of information across studies, and direct comparison of the same parts of the life course in different geographical regions and time periods. We also introduce a novel approach of imputing individual-level covariates of a multilevel model with a nonlinear growth trajectory and interactions.