Update on thyroid eye disease: Regional variations in prevalence, diagnosis, and management
Thyroid eye disease (TED) is a rare disease that can lead to decreased quality of life, permanent disfigurement, and vision loss. Clinically, TED presents with exophthalmos, periorbital edema, extraocular muscle dysfunction, and eyelid retraction, and can lead to vision-threatening complications suc...
Saved in:
Published in | Indian journal of ophthalmology Vol. 70; no. 7; pp. 2335 - 2345 |
---|---|
Main Authors | , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
Published |
India
Wolters Kluwer India Pvt. Ltd
01.07.2022
Medknow Publications & Media Pvt. Ltd Wolters Kluwer - Medknow Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications |
Subjects | |
Online Access | Get full text |
Cover
Loading…
Summary: | Thyroid eye disease (TED) is a rare disease that can lead to decreased quality of life, permanent disfigurement, and vision loss. Clinically, TED presents with exophthalmos, periorbital edema, extraocular muscle dysfunction, and eyelid retraction, and can lead to vision-threatening complications such as exposure to keratopathy and dysthyroid optic neuropathy (DON). Over the last several years, significant advancements have been made in the understanding of its pathophysiology as well as optimal management. Ethnic variations in the prevalence, clinical presentation, and risk of vision-threatening complications of TED are summarized, and risk factors associated with TED are discussed. Additionally, significant advances have been made in the management of TED. The management of TED traditionally included anti-inflammatory medications, orbital radiation therapy, orbital surgical decompression, and biologic therapies. Most recently, targeted therapies such as teprotumumab, an insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor antagonist, have been studied in the context of TED, with promising initial data. In this review, updates in the understanding and management of TED are presented with a focus on the international variations in presentation and management. |
---|---|
Bibliography: | ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 ObjectType-Review-3 content type line 23 |
ISSN: | 0301-4738 1998-3689 1998-3689 |
DOI: | 10.4103/ijo.IJO_3217_21 |